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Section: 4 | The Elements |
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The recommended form of citation is:
John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds," in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

THE ELEMENTS

C. R. Hammond and David R. Lide

Each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons, Z, contained in the atomic nucleus. As of 2021, a total of 118 elements have been positively identified and assigned names and symbols. Elements can occur as two or more isotopes, differing in the number of neutrons, N, in the nucleus. An isotope is characterized by the sum of the protons and neutrons in its nucleus, which is called the mass number A = Z + N. Including those produced artificially, over 3000 isotopes have been identified, most of which are unstable to radioactive decay. A total of 288 stable isotopes of 84 elements exist on Earth.a

The table below summarizes key properties of the 118 elements as atomic entities. More detailed information can be found in the tables of atomic weights and physical properties. Individual descriptions of the elements follow the table. Column definitions for the table are as follows.

Column heading Definition
Element Name of the element; elements are listed alphabetically
Symbol IUPAC symbol for the element
Z Atomic number (number of protons)
Atomic wt. Standard atomic weight; see also “Standard Atomic Weights” table in Section 1
CAS Reg. No. Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number for the element
State at NTP Physical state of the element at normal room temperature (25 °C) and one atmosphere pressure (101.325 kPa); within parentheses are the molecular  formula for a gas or the common phase name for a solid
Primary valences The primary valence (oxidation) states the elements in forming stoichiometric chemical compounds
Mass no. of stable isotopes Mass number (protons plus neutrons) of stable isotopes

  • aThese numbers include radioactive isotopes whose half-lives are comparable to or greater than the age of the earth, making it possible to define a terrestrial isotopic abundance. See Meija, J., et al., Isotopic Compositions of the Elements 2013, Pure Appl. Chem. 2016; 88(3): 293–306.
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Properties of the Atomic Elements



NameSymbolZCAS Reg. No.Atomic wt.State at NTPPrimary valencesMass no. of stable isotopesa
Continued on next page...
ActiniumAc897440-34-8sol+3
AluminumAl137429-90-526.9815384(3)sol+327
AmericiumAm957440-35-9sol+3, +4, +5, +6
AntimonySb517440-36-0121.760(1)sol (gray Sb)+3, +5121, 123
ArgonAr187440-37-1[39.792, 39.963]gas036, 38, 40
ArsenicAs337440-38-274.921595(6)sol (gray As)+3, +5, -375
AstatineAt857440-68-8sol
BariumBa567440-39-3137.327(7)sol+2130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138
BerkeliumBk977440-40-6sol (β form)+3, +4
BerylliumBe47440-41-79.0121831(5)sol+29
BismuthBi837440-69-9208.98040(1)sol+3, +5209
BohriumBh10754037-14-8sol+7
BoronB57440-42-8[10.806, 10.821]sol+310, 11
BromineBr357726-95-6[79.901, 79.907]liq (Br2)+1, +5, -179, 81
CadmiumCd487440-43-9112.414(4)sol+2106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116
CalciumCa207440-70-240.078(4)sol+240, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48
CaliforniumCf987440-71-3sol+3
CarbonC67440-44-0[12.0096, 12.0106]sol (graphite, diamond)+2, +4, -412, 13
CeriumCe587440-45-1140.116(1)sol+3, +4136, 138, 140, 142


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The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (HBCP) contains over 700 tables in over 450 documents which may be divided into several pages, all categorised into 17 major subject areas. The search on this page works by searching the content of each page individually, much like any web search. This provides a challenge if you want to search for multiple terms and those terms exist on different pages, or if you use a synonym/abbreviation that does not exist in the document.

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