Section: 4 | Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds |

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PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

This table contains physical constants for 3220 important inorganic comounds. The compounds in this table were selected on the basis of their laboratory and industrial importance, as well as their value in illustrating trends in the variation of physical properties with position in the periodic table. An effort has been made to include the most frequently encountered inorganic substances; a limited number of organometallics are also covered. Many, if not most, of the compounds that are solids at ambient temperature can exist in more than one crystalline modification. In the absence of other information, the data given here can be assumed to apply to the most stable or common crystalline form. In many cases, however, two or more forms are of practical importance, and separate entries will be found in the table.

Compounds are arranged primarily in alphabetical order by the most commonly used name; however, closely related compounds are often grouped together for convenience (e.g., silane, disilane, trisilane, etc.).

Column definitions for the table are as follows.

Column heading	Definition
Name	Systematic name for the substance; the valence state of a metallic element is indicated by a Roman numeral, e.g., copper in the +1 state is written as copper(I) rather than cuprous, iron in the +3 state is iron(III) rather than ferric
Synonym	Another name frequently encountered
Mol. form.	The simplest descriptive formula is given, but this does not necessarily specify the actual structure of the compound; for example, aluminum chloride is designated as AlCl₃, even though a more accurate representation of the structure in the solid phase (and, under some conditions, in the gas phase) is Al₂Cl₆; a few exceptions are made, such as the use of Hg₂⁺² for the mercury(I) ion
CAS Reg. No.	Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number; an asterisk* following the CAS RN for a hydrate indicates that the number refers to the anhydrous compound; in most cases the generic CAS RN for the compound is given rather than the number for a specific crystalline form or mineral
Mol. wt.	Molecular weight (relative molar mass) as calculated with the 2009 IUPAC Recommended Atomic Weights; the number of decimal places corresponds to the number of places in the atomic weight of the least accurately known element (e.g., one place for lead compounds, two places for compounds of selenium, germanium, etc.); a maximum of three places is given; for compounds of radioactive elements for which IUPAC makes no recommendation, the mass number of the isotope with longest half-life is used
Phys. form.	The crystal system is given, when available, for compounds that are solid at room temperature, together with color and other descriptive features; abbreviations are listed below
t_mp	Normal melting point in °C; the notation tp indicates the temperature where solid, liquid, and gas are in equilibrium at a pressure greater than one atmosphere (i.e., the normal melting point does not exist); when available, the triple point pressure is listed
t_bp	Normal boiling point in °C (referred to 101.325 kPa or 760 mmHg pressure); the notation sp following the number indicates the temperature where the pressure of the vapor in equilibrium with the solid reaches 101.325 kPa; see Reference 8, p. 23, for further discussion of sublimation points and triple points; a notation “sublimes” without a temperature being given indicates that there is a perceptible sublimation pressure above the solid at ambient temperatures
ρ	Density values for solids and liquids are always in units of grams per cubic centimeter and can be assumed to refer to temperatures near room temperature unless otherwise stated; values for gases are the calculated ideal gas densities in grams per liter at 25 °C and 101.325 kPa; the unit is always specified for a gas value
Sol.	Solubility is expressed as the number of grams of the compound (excluding any water of hydration) that will dissolve in 100 grams of water; the temperature in °C is given as a superscript; solubility at other temperatures can be found for many compounds in the table “Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures” in Section 5 of this CRC Handbook
Qualitative Solubility	Qualitative information on the solubility in other common solvents (and in water, if quantitative data are unavailable) is given here; the abbreviations are: i = insoluble sl = slightly soluble s = soluble vs = very soluble reac = reacts with the solvent
P_vap	Vapor pressure in kPa at 25 °C (1kPa = 7.5 mmHg)

Data were taken from a wide variety of reliable sources, including monographs, treatises, review articles, evaluated compilations and databases, and in many cases the primary literature. Some of the most useful references for the properties covered here are listed below.

List of Abbreviations

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ac	acetyl
ace	acetone
acid	acid solutions
alk	alkaline solutions
amorp	amorphous
anh	anhydrous
aq	aqueous
blk	black
brn	brown
bz	benzene
chl	chloroform
col	colorless
conc	concentrated
cry	crystals, crystalline
ctc	carbon tetrachloride
cub	cubic
cyhex	cyclohexane
dec	decomposes
dil	dilute
diox	dioxane
dmso	dimethyl sulfoxide
eth	ethyl ether
EtOH	ethanol
exp	explodes, explosive
extrap	extrapolated
flam	flammable
gl	glass, glassy
grn	green
hc	hydrocarbon solvents
hex	hexagonal, hexane
hp	heptane
HT	high temperature
hyd	hydrate
hyg	hygroscopic
i	insoluble in
liq	liquid
LT	low temperature
MeOH	methanol
monocl	monoclinic
octahed	octahedral
oran	orange
orth	orthorhombic
os	organic solvents
peth	petroleum ether
pow	powder
prec	precipitate
pur	purple
py	pyridine
reac	reacts with
refrac	refractory
rhom	rhombohedral
r.t.	room temperature
s	soluble in
silv	silvery
sl	slightly soluble in
soln	solution
sp	sublimation point
stab	stable
subl	sublimes
temp	temperature
tetr	tetragonal
thf	tetrahydrofuran
tol	toluene
tp	triple point
trans	transition, transformation
tricl	triclinic
trig	trigonal
unstab	unstable
viol	violet
visc	viscous
vs	very soluble in
wh	white
xyl	xylene
yel	yellow

References

Phillips, S. L., and Perry, D.L., Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995; Second Edition by Perry, D. L., 2011.
Trotman-Dickenson, A. F., Executive Editor, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1-5, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973.
Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997.
Wiberg, N., Wiberg, E., and Holleman, H. F., Inorganic Chemistry, 34th Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, 2001.
GMELIN Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N.; JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985; Chase, M. W., NISTJANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 9, 1998.
Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/19A, “Thermodynamic Properties of Inorganic Materials compiled by SGTE”, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg; Part 1, 1999; Part 2; 1999; Part 3, 2000; Part 4, 2001.
Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1985.
Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds, Chapman & Hall, New York, 1992.
Massalski, T. B., Ed., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd Edition, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1990.
Dinsdale, A.T., “SGTE Data for Pure Elements”, CALPHAD, 15, 317– 425, 1991. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916(91)90030-N]
Madelung, O., Semiconductors: Group IV Elements and III-IV Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991.
Lidin, R. A., Andreeva, L. L., and Molochko, V. A., Constants of Inorganic Substances, Begell House, New York, 1995.
Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989.
The Combined Chemical Dictionary on CDROM, Version 9:1, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.
Macdonald, F., Editor, Chapman & Hall/CRC Combined Chemical Dictionary, <www.chemnetbase.com/scripts/ccdweb.exe>.
Sangeeta, G., and LaGraff, J. R., Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Second Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005. [https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420041422]
Stern, K. H., High Temperature Properties and Thermal Decomposition of Inorganic Salts with Oxyanions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001. [https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420042344]
Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volumes 2 and 4, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973.
Robie, R., Bethke, P. M., and Beardsley, K. M., Selected X-ray Crystallographic Data, Molar Volumes, and Densities of Minerals and Related Substances, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1248, 1967. [https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr66113]
Carmichael, R. S., Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.
Deer, W. A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992.
Linstrom, P. J., and Mallard, W. G., Editors, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, June 2005, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, <webbook.nist.gov>.
Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, Volumes 1–8; ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibrium Diagrams, Volumes 9–13, American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 1964–2001.

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Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

Name	Synonym	Mol. form.	CAS Reg. No.	Mol. wt.	Phys. form	t_mp/ºC	t_bp/ºC	ρ/g cm^-3	Sol./g/100 g H₂O	Qualitative solubility	P_vap/kPa at 25 °C
Continued on next page...
Actinium		Ac	7440-34-8	227	silv metal; cub	1050	≈3200	10
Actinium bromide	Actinium tribromide	AcBr₃	33689-81-5	467	wh hex cry		800 subl	5.85		s H₂O
Actinium chloride	Actinium trichloride	AcCl₃	22986-54-5	333	wh hex cry		960 subl	4.81
Actinium fluoride	Actinium trifluoride	AcF₃	33689-80-4	284	wh hex cry			7.88		i H₂O
Actinium iodide	Actinium triiodide	AcI₃	33689-82-6	608	wh cry					s H₂O
Actinium oxide		Ac₂O₃	12002-61-8	502	wh hex cry	1977		9.19		i H₂O
Aluminum		Al	7429-90-5	26.982	silv-wh metal; cub cry	660.323	2519	2.70		i H₂O; s acid, alk
Aluminum acetate	Aluminum triacetate	Al(C₂H₃O₂)₃	139-12-8	204.113	wh hyg solid	dec				s H₂O; sl ace
Aluminum diacetate	Aluminum subacetate	Al(OH)(C₂H₃O₂)₂	142-03-0	162.078	wh amorp powder					i H₂O
Aluminum ammonium sulfate	Ammonium alum	NH₄Al(SO₄)₂	7784-25-0	237.146	wh powder					sl H₂O; i EtOH
Aluminum ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate	Tschernigite	NH₄Al(SO₄)₂·12H₂O	7784-26-1	453.329	col cry or powder	94.5	>280 dec	1.65		s H₂O; i EtOH
Aluminum antimonide		AlSb	25152-52-7	148.742	brn cub cry	1065		4.26
Aluminum arsenide		AlAs	22831-42-1	101.903	oran cub cry; hyg	1740		3.76
Aluminum borate	Eremeyevite	2Al₂O₃·B₂O₃	11121-16-7	273.543	needles	≈1050				i H₂O
Aluminum borohydride	Aluminum tetrahydroborate	Al(BH₄)₃	16962-07-5	71.510	flam liq	-64.5	44.5			reac H₂O
Aluminum bromate nonahydrate		Al(BrO₃)₃·9H₂O	11126-81-1	572.826	wh hyg cry	62	>100 dec			s H₂O
Aluminum bromide	Aluminum tribromide	AlBr₃	7727-15-3	266.694	wh-yel monocl cry; hyg	97.5	255	3.2		reac H₂O; s bz, tol
Aluminum bromide hexahydrate		AlBr₃·6H₂O	7784-11-4	374.785	col-yel hyg cry	93		2.54		s H₂O, EtOH, CS₂
Aluminum carbide		Al₄C₃	1299-86-1	143.958	yel hex cry	2100	>2200 dec	2.36		reac H₂O

^aThis is the estimated diamond-graphite-liquid carbon triple point (Ref. 12).

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