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Section: 4 | Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Points and Densities of the Elements |
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John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
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MELTING, BOILING, TRIPLE, AND CRITICAL POINTS AND DENSITIES OF THE ELEMENTS

This table summarizes the significant points on the phase diagrams for the elements. When reliable data are available, values are given for the solid-liquid-gas triple-point temperature and pressure; normal melting point at 101.325 kPa pressure; normal boiling point; and critical temperature and pressure. All temperatures are on the ITS-90 scale. The column definitions for the table are as follows.

Column heading Definition
Name Element name; common phase names are in parentheses if more than one allotrope is included
Formula Formula; for elements normally occuring as diatomic gases, the molecular formula is given
tmp Normal melting point, in °C at 101.325 kPa pressure; the notation “trans” in the melting point column indicates the temperature of the transition to the crystalline form immediately below that entry; transition temperatures between allotropic forms are included for several elements
tbp Normal boiling point, in °C; an “sp” notation in the boiling point column indicates a sublimation point, where the vapor pressure of the solid phase reaches 101.325 kPa (1 atm)
ρ Density (mass per unit volume), in g cm-3; the temperature in °C is indicated by a superscript; values refer to the liquid or solid phase, and all values are true densities, not specific gravities; the number of decimal places gives a rough estimate of the accuracy of the value
ttp Solid-liquid-gas triple-point temperature, in °C
ptp Solid-liquid-gas triple-point pressure, in kPa
tc Critical temperature, in °C
pc Critical pressure, in MPa

An asterisk* indicates an extrapolated or estimated value. The major data sources are listed below.

References

  1. The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia 27, 3, 1990; errata in Metrologia 27, 107, 1990. [https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/27/1/002]
  2. Bedford, R. E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H., and Pavese, F., Metrologia 33, 133, 1996. [https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/33/2/3]
  3. Lemmon, E. W., Huber, M. L., and McLinden, M. O., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version 9.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, MD, 2007 (http://www.nist.gov/nist23.cfm). [Ar, F, H, He, Kr, N, Ne, O, Xe]
  4. Dinsdale, A.T., SGTE Data for Pure Elements, CALPHAD 15, 317-425, 1991. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916(91)90030-N]
  5. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/19A, “Thermodynamic Properties of Inorganic Materials compiled by SGTE,” Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg; Part 1, 1999.
  6. Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 9, 1998.
  7. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989.
  8. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997.
  9. Hultgren, R. R., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, American Society of Metals, 1973.
  10. Geiger, F., Busse, C. A., and Loehrke, R. I., Int. J. Thermophys. 8, 425, 1987. [Boiling points of In, Ag, Ga, Cu, Sn, and Au] [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00567103]
  11. Velasco, S., Roman, F. L., White, J. A., and Mulero, A., Fluid Phase Equilib. 244, 11, 2006. [Critical temperatures of Ag, Be, Bi, Ge, Fe, Mn, Te] [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2006.03.017]
  12. Gustafson, P., Carbon 24, 169, 1986. [Graphite and diamond] [https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(86)90113-2]
  13. Michels, A., and Prins, C., Physica 28, 101, 1962. [Triple point of Ar, Kr, Xe] [https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8914(62)90096-4]
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Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point Temperatures and Densities of the Elements



NameFormulatmp/ºCtbp/ºCρ/g cm-3ttp/ºCptp/kPatc/ºCpc/MPa
Continued on next page...
ActiniumAc1050≈3200 10
AluminumAl660.32325192.706427 *
AmericiumAm1176≈201112
Antimony (gray)Sb630.62815876.68
ArgonAr-189.34-185.8481.395-185.8 liq-189.344268.89-122.4634.863
Arsenic (gray)As817616 sp5.758173700140022.3
AstatineAt302
BariumBa727≈18453.62
Berkelium (β form)Bk98613.25
BerylliumBe128724681.854932 *
BismuthBi271.40215649.794347 *
BoronB207740002.34
BromineBr2-7.258.83.1028-7.255.87931510.34
CadmiumCd321.0697678.69
CalciumCa84214841.54
CaliforniumCf90015.1
Carbon (graphite)C4489 tp (10.3 MPa)3825 sp2.2448910300
Carbon (diamond)C4440 (12.4 GPa)**3.513
CeriumCe79934436.770

  • * Extrapolated or estimated value.
  • ** This is the estimated diamond-graphite-liquid carbon triple point (Ref. 12).


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