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Section: 5 | Energy Content of Fuels |
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The table 'Energy Produced and Carbon Released from Fuels' has one or more different columns to those in the book version.
How to Cite this Reference
The recommended form of citation is:
John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds," in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

ENERGY CONTENT OF FUELS

Several fuels are compared in this table with respect to their energy content per unit mass and the amount of CO2 released per unit of available energy. The energy content is taken to be the negative of the standard enthalpy of combustion (see the table “Heat of Combustion” in this section for more details). The energy is assumed to be released by combustion with oxygen at normal atmospheric pressure, with products of gaseous CO2 and liquid H2O at room temperature. This quantity is often called the “gross heat of combustion” (sometimes called “higher heating value or HHV”) to distinguish it from the “net heat of combustion,” for which the water remains in the gas state. The latter quantity is typically 5% to 10% less than the values given here.

The energy content is given both in SI units of MJ/kg and conventional units of BTU/lb. Values for the fossil fuels and other materials are typical; individual samples show wide variations. The data refer to substances in their normal physical state at ambient temperature and pressure. Column definitions for the table are as follows.

Column heading Definition
Name Name of fuel; fossil fuels and other materials are typical composition; individual samples show wide variations
E(SI) Energy content per unit mass, in units of MJ kg-1 (SI units)
E(conv.) Energy content per unit mass, in units of 103·BTU lb-1 (conventional units)
CO2 rel. Mass of carbon released as carbon dioxide (CO2) per megajoule of energy, in units g MJ-1

Examination of the table shows that the minimum CO2 release occurs for fuels that have a high ratio of hydrogen to carbon. Furthermore, fuels containing oxygen have a lower energy content and higher CO2 release than hydrocarbons with the same number of carbon atoms.

References

  1. Domalski, E. S., Jobe, T. L., and Milne, T. A., Thermodynamic Data for Biomass Conversion and Waste Incineration, SERI/SP-271-2839, Solar Technical Information Program, U.S. Department of Energy, September 1986; see also NBSIR 78-1479, National Bureau of Standards, August 1978. [https://doi.org/10.2172/7038865]
  2. Green, D. W., and Ackers, D. E, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Eighth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2007.
  3. Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 35, U S. Department of Energy, October 2016. <http://cta.ornl.gov/data/index.shtml>
  4. Chemical Composition of Natural Gas, Union Gas Limited. <www.uniongas.com/aboutus/aboutng/composition.asp>
  5. Alternative Fuels Data Center-Fuel Properties Comparison, October, 2014.  <www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/fuel_comparison_chart.pdf>
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Energy Produced and Carbon Released from Fuels



NameMol. form.E(SI)/MJ kg-1E(conv.)/103·BTU lb-1CO2 rel./g MJ-1
Continued on next page...
Pure compounds
HydrogenH2141.861.00.0
MethaneCH455.523.913.5
EthaneC2H651.922.315.4
PropaneC3H850.321.716.2
ButaneC4H1049.521.316.7
PentaneC5H1248.620.917.1
HexaneC6H1448.320.817.3
HeptaneC7H1648.120.717.5
OctaneC8H1847.920.617.6
MethanolCH4O22.79.716.5
EthanolC2H6O29.712.817.6
1-PropanolC3H8O33.614.517.8
1-ButanolC4H10O36.115.518.0
1-OctanolC8H18O40.717.518.1
Methyl tert-butyl etherC5H12O38.216.417.8
Fossil fuels
Natural gasa54.023.213.9
Gasoline46.520.017.6
E85 fuelb32.113.817.6
Diesel fuelc46.319.917.9

  • aNatural gas is assumed to be 95% methane, 2.5% ethane, and 2.5% inert compounds; however, the actual composition varies widely (see Ref. 4).
  • bE85 fuel (also called "ethanol flex fuel" or FFV fuel) has a nominal composition of 85% by volume ethanol and 15% by volume gasoline. In the United States the composition is allowed to vary from 51% ethanol to 83% ethanol.
  • cDiesel fuel from petroleum typically consists of C8 to C25 aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, with a density of around 0.85 kg/L (compared to about 0.75 kg/L for gasoline).
  • dLawn clippings.


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