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Section: 5 | Solubility Product Constants of Inorganic Salts |
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John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
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SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC SALTS

The solubility product constant Ksp is a useful parameter for calculating the aqueous solubility of sparingly soluble compounds under various conditions. It may be determined by direct measurement or calculated from the standard Gibbs energies of formation ∆fG° of the species involved at their standard states. Thus, if Ksp = [M+]m·[A–]n is the equilibrium constant for the reaction

MmAn (s) ⇌ mM+(aq) + nA– (aq)

where MmAn  is the slightly soluble substance and M+ and A- are the ions produced in solution by the dissociation of MmAn , then the Gibbs energy change is

∆G° = m ∆fG° (M+,aq) + n ∆fG° (A–,aq) –∆fG° (MmAn, s)

The solubility product constant is calculated from the equation

ln Ksp = –∆G°/RT

The table gives selected values of Ksp at 25 °C. Many of these have been calculated from standard state thermodynamic data in Refs. 1 and 2; other values are taken from publications of the IUPAC Solubility Data Project (Refs. 3 to 7).

The above formulation is not convenient for treating sulfides because the S-2 ion is usually not present in significant concentrations (see Ref. 8). This is due to the hydrolysis reaction

S-2 + H2O ⇌ HS– + OH–

which is strongly shifted to the right except in very basic solutions. Furthermore, the equilibrium constant for this reaction, which depends on the second ionization constant of H2S, is poorly known. Therefore, it is more useful in the case of sulfides to define a different solubility product Kspa based on the reaction

MmSn (s) + 2H+ ⇌ mM+ + nH2S (aq)

Column definitions for the table are as follows.

Column heading Definition
Name Name of inorganic salt; listed alphabetically
Mol. form. Molecular formula of inorganic salt
Ksp Solubility product constant at 25 °C
Kspa Solubility product constant for sulfides at 25 °C (see discussion above)

Values of Kspa taken from Ref. 8 are given for several sulfides in the last column. Additional discussion of sulfide equilibria may be found in Refs. 7 and 9. 

References

  1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982.
  2. Garvin, D., Parker, V. B., and White, H. J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere, New York, 1987.
  3. Solubility Data Series (53 Volumes), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979–1992.
  4. Clever, H. L., and Johnston, F. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555628]
  5. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555633]
  6. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555732]
  7. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555909]
  8. Myers, R. J., J. Chem. Educ., 63, 687, 1986. [https://doi.org/10.1021/ed063p687]
  9. Licht, S., J. Electrochem. Soc., 135, 2971, 1988. [https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2095471]
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Solubility Product Constants of Inorganic Salts at 25 °C



NameMol. form.CAS Reg. No.Mol. Wt.KspKspa
Continued on next page...
Aluminum phosphateAlPO47784-30-7121.9539.84·10-21
Barium bromateBa(BrO3)213967-90-3393.1312.43·10-4
Barium carbonateBaCO3513-77-9197.3362.58·10-9
Barium chromate(VI)BaCrO410294-40-3253.3211.17·10-10
Barium fluorideBaF27787-32-8175.3241.84·10-7
Barium hydroxide octahydrateBa(OH)2·8H2O12230-71-6315.4642.55·10-4
Barium iodateBa(IO3)210567-69-8487.1324.01·10-9
Barium iodate monohydrateBa(IO3)2·H2O7787-34-0505.1481.67·10-9
Barium molybdateBaMoO47787-37-3297.273.54·10-8
Barium selenateBaSeO47787-41-9280.293.40·10-8
Barium sulfateBaSO47727-43-7233.3901.08·10-10
Barium sulfiteBaSO37787-39-5217.3905.0·10-10
Beryllium hydroxide (α)Be(OH)213327-32-743.0276.92·10-22
Bismuth arsenateBiAsO413702-38-0347.9004.43·10-10
Bismuth triiodideBiI37787-64-6589.6937.71·10-19
Cadmium arsenateCd3(AsO4)225160-35-4615.0712.2·10-33
Cadmium carbonateCdCO3513-78-0172.4201.0·10-12
Cadmium fluorideCdF27790-79-6150.4086.44·10-3
Cadmium hydroxideCd(OH)221041-95-2146.4267.2·10-15


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