Section: 6 | Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam |

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THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM

Eric W. Lemmon and Allan H. Harvey

These tables summarize the thermophysical properties of water and steam at equilibrium as accepted by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (http://www.iapws.org) for general and scientific use. The thermodynamic properties are calculated from the equation of state of Wagner and Pruß (Ref. 6). The reference state for these tables is the liquid at the triple point, at which the internal energy and entropy are taken as zero.

Table 1 contains the thermophysical properties of water at 1 bar (0.1 MPa) pressure with temperatures in °C. Table 2 has the same properties for liquid and gaseous states at equilibrium (saturation) as a function of temperature. Table 3 gives the properties along isobars. Column definitions for Tables 1-3 are as follows.

Column heading	Definition
t	Temperature, in °C
P	Pressure, in MPa
ρ	Density, in kg m^-3
H	Enthalpy, in units kJ kg^-1
S	Entropy, in units kJ kg^-1 K^-1
*C_v*	Isochoric heat capacity, in units kJ kg^-1 K^-1
*C_p*	Isobaric heat capacity, in units kJ kg^-1 K^-1
μ	Speed of sound, in m s^-1
D	Static dielectric constant
η	Viscosity, in units μPa s
λ	Thermal conductivity, in units mW m^-1 K^-1

In the saturation tables (Table 2), the first line of identical temperatures is for the liquid state and the second line is for the vapor state. A duplicate entry in the isobar table indicates a phase transition (liquid-vapor) at that temperature; property values are then given for both phases. These are identified by the high densities in the liquid and the low densities in the vapor. The temperature scale is ITS-90. Additional calculations at state points not listed below can be obtained by using the NIST Standard Reference Data program REFPROP (Ref. 5) or the water-specific program Steam (Ref. 2).

The uncertainty in density of the equation of state is 0.0001% at 1 atm in the liquid phase, and 0.001% at other liquid states at pressures up to 10 MPa and temperatures to 423 K. In the vapor phase, the uncertainty is 0.05% or less. The uncertainties rise at higher temperatures and/or pressures but are generally less than 0.1% in density except at extreme conditions. The uncertainty in pressure in the critical region is 0.1%. The uncertainty of the speed of sound is 0.15% in the vapor and 0.1% or less in the liquid and increases near the critical region and at high temperatures and pressures. The uncertainty in the isobaric heat capacity is 0.2% in the vapor and 0.1% in the liquid, with increasing values in the critical region and at high pressures. The uncertainties of saturation conditions are 0.025% in vapor pressure, 0.0025% in saturated liquid density, and 0.1% in saturated vapor density. The uncertainties in the saturated densities increase substantially as the critical region is approached.

References

Fernández, D.P., Goodwin, A.R.H., Lemmon, E.W., Levelt Sengers, J.M.H., and Williams, R.C., A Formulation for the Static Permittivity of Water and Steam at Temperatures from 238 K to 873 K at Pressures up to 1200 MPa, Including Derivatives and Debye-Hückel Coefficients, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 26, 1125, 1997. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555997]
Harvey, A.H., and Lemmon, E.W., NIST Standard Reference Database 10: NIST/ASME Steam Properties, Version 3.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, MD, 2013 <http://www.nist.gov/srd/nist10.cfm>.
Huber, M.L., Perkins, R.A., Laesecke, A., Friend, D.G., Sengers, J.V., Assael, M.J., Metaxa, I.M., Vogel, E., Mareš, R., and Miyagawa, K., New International Formulation for the Viscosity of Water, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 38, 101, 2009. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3088050]
Huber, M.L., Perkins, R.A., Friend, D.G., Sengers, J.V., Assael, M.J., Metaxa, I.N., Miyagawa, K., Hellmann, R., and Vogel, E., New International Formulation for the Thermal Conductivity of H₂O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 41, 033102, 2012. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4738955]
Lemmon, E.W., Huber, M.L., and McLinden, M.O., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version 9.1, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, MD, 2013 <http://www.nist.gov/srd/nist23.cfm>.
Wagner, W. and Pruß, A., The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 387, 2002. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1461829]

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TABLE 1. Thermophysical Properties of H₂O from the Triple Point to 100 °C at P = 1 bar (0.100MPa)

t/ °C	P/ MPa	ρ/ kg m^-3	H/ kJ kg^-1	S/ kJ kg^-1 K^-1	C_v/ kJ kg^-1 K^-1	C_p/ kJ kg^-1 K^-1	u/ m s^-1	D	η/ μPa s	λ/ mW m^-1 K^-1
0.01	0.1	999.84	0.10186	0.000007	4.2170	4.2194	1402.4	87.899	1791.1	555.67
10	0.1	999.70	42.118	0.15108	4.1906	4.1952	1447.3	83.974	1305.9	578.78
20	0.1	998.21	84.006	0.29646	4.1567	4.1841	1482.3	80.223	1001.6	598.01
25	0.1	997.05	104.92	0.36720	4.1376	4.1813	1496.7	78.408	890.02	606.52
30	0.1	995.65	125.82	0.43673	4.1172	4.1798	1509.2	76.634	797.22	614.39
40	0.1	992.22	167.62	0.57237	4.0734	4.1794	1528.9	73.201	652.73	628.48
50	0.1	988.03	209.42	0.70377	4.0262	4.1813	1542.6	69.916	546.52	640.62
60	0.1	983.20	251.25	0.83125	3.9765	4.1850	1551.0	66.774	466.03	651.00
70	0.1	977.76	293.12	0.95509	3.9251	4.1901	1554.7	63.770	403.55	659.76
80	0.1	971.79	335.05	1.0755	3.8728	4.1968	1554.4	60.898	354.05	666.99
90	0.1	965.31	377.06	1.1928	3.8204	4.2052	1550.4	58.152	314.17	672.79
99.606	0.1	958.63	417.50	1.3028	3.7702	4.2152	1543.5	55.628	282.75	677.06
99.606	0.1	0.59034	2674.9	7.3588	1.5548	2.0784	471.99	1.0058	12.218	24.532
100	0.1	0.58967	2675.8	7.3610	1.5535	2.0766	472.28	1.0058	12.234	24.564

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TABLE 2. Thermophysical Properties of H₂O from the Triple Point to the Critical Point with Liquid and Gaseous States in Equilibrium (Saturation)

t/ °C	P/ MPa	ρ/ kg m^-3	H/ kJ kg^-1	S/ kJ kg^-1 K^-1	C_v/ kJ kg^-1 K^-1	C_p/ kJ kg^-1 K^-1	u/ m s^-1	D	η/ μPa s	λ/ mW m^-1 K^-1
Continued on next page...
0.01	0.000612	999.79	0.000612	0.0	4.2174	4.2199	1402.3	87.895	1791.4	555.60
0.01	0.000612	0.0048546	2500.9	9.1555	1.4184	1.8844	409.00	1.00006	8.9458	16.761
10	0.0012282	999.65	42.021	0.15109	4.1910	4.1955	1447.1	83.971	1306.0	578.71
10	0.0012282	0.0094071	2519.2	8.8998	1.4269	1.8947	416.17	1.00012	9.2384	17.412
20	0.0023393	998.16	83.914	0.29648	4.1570	4.1844	1482.2	80.219	1001.6	597.95
20	0.0023393	0.017314	2537.4	8.6660	1.4359	1.9059	423.18	1.00021	9.5441	18.087
25	0.0031699	997.00	104.83	0.36722	4.1379	4.1816	1496.5	78.405	890.04	606.46
25	0.0031699	0.023075	2546.5	8.5566	1.4405	1.9118	426.63	1.00028	9.7009	18.433
30	0.0042470	995.61	125.73	0.43675	4.1175	4.1801	1509.0	76.630	797.22	614.34
30	0.0042470	0.030415	2555.5	8.4520	1.4452	1.9180	430.03	1.00036	9.8602	18.786
40	0.0073849	992.18	167.53	0.57240	4.0737	4.1796	1528.7	73.197	652.72	628.44
40	0.0073849	0.051242	2573.5	8.2555	1.4552	1.9314	436.71	1.00059	10.185	19.509
50	0.012352	988.00	209.34	0.70381	4.0264	4.1815	1542.4	69.913	546.50	640.57
50	0.012352	0.083147	2591.3	8.0748	1.4663	1.9468	443.21	1.00094	10.516	20.261
60	0.019946	983.16	251.18	0.83129	3.9767	4.1851	1550.8	66.772	466.02	650.96
60	0.019946	0.13043	2608.8	7.9081	1.4789	1.9648	449.50	1.0014	10.854	21.043
70	0.031201	977.73	293.07	0.95513	3.9252	4.1902	1554.6	63.768	403.53	659.72
70	0.031201	0.19843	2626.1	7.7540	1.4937	1.9862	455.57	1.0021	11.195	21.860
80	0.047414	971.77	335.01	1.0756	3.8729	4.1969	1554.3	60.896	354.04	666.97

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THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM

References

TABLE 1. Thermophysical Properties of H₂O from the Triple Point to 100 °C at P = 1 bar (0.100MPa)