Section: 6 | Properties of Cryogenic Fluids |

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PROPERTIES OF CRYOGENIC FLUIDS

Eric W. Lemmon

These three tables give physical and thermodynamic properties of ten cryogenic fluids, with the use of the following nomenclature. Table 1 has properties at the triple point of the fluids, indicated by a subscript t. Table 2 properties are at the normal boiling point (101.325 kPa), indicated by a subscript b, and Table 3 has properties at the critical point, indicated by a subscript c. Column definitions for the tables are as follows.

Column heading	Definition
Name	Name of cryogenic fluid
Mol. form.	Molecular formula of cryogenic fluid
M	Molar mass, in g mol^-1
T	Temperature, in K; subscript tp indicates at triple point, bp indicates at boiling point, c indicates at critical point
P	Pressure, in kPa or MPa as shown; subscript tp indicates at triple point, bp indicates at boiling point, c indicates at critical point
ρ	Density, in kg m^-3; subscript tp indicates at triple point, bp indicates at boiling point, c indicates at critical point
∆_vapH	Enthalpy of vaporization at the normal boiling point, in units kJ kg^-1
∆_fusH	Enthalpy of fusion at the triple point, in units kJ kg^-1
*C_p*	Heat capacity at constant pressure, in units kJ kg^-1 K^-1
u	Speed of sound, in units m s^-1; liq = liquid phase and vap = vapor phase, respectively

All properties except the heat of fusion are calculated from the REFPROP 10 program, see Ref. 1. Not all of the listed molar masses match the current values but are those reported along with the equation of state in the references below (mainly those published before 2009). Temperatures are listed on the ITS-90 scale, except values for oxygen that were obtained from an older equation of state based on the IPTS-68 temperature scale. The properties of hydrogen are given for the para form of the molecule. The triple-point temperature of air is the solidification temperature of the liquid (see Ref. 3), and the boiling-point temperature is given at the bubble point (i.e., the liquid phase temperature at which boiling begins). The dew-point (vapor) properties of air at 101.325 kPa are calculated at a temperature of 81.72 K; the liquid and vapor properties of these two state points are not in equilibrium. The triple-point properties of helium are given at the temperature of the lambda line (where the fluid changes from normal to superfluid helium).

Lemmon, E.W., Bell, I.H., Huber, M.L., McLinden, M.O. NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version 10.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, MD, 2018 <http://www.nist.gov/srd/refprop>.
Leachman, J.W., Jacobsen, R.T, Penoncello, S.G., and Lemmon, E.W., Fundamental Equations of State for Parahydrogen, Normal Hydrogen, and Orthohydrogen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 38, 721, 2009. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3160306]
Lemmon, E.W., Jacobsen, R.T, Penoncello, S.G., and Friend, D.G., Thermodynamic Properties of Air and Mixtures of Nitrogen, Argon, and Oxygen from 60 to 2000 K at Pressures to 2000 MPa, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 331, 2000. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1285884]
Lemmon, E.W. and Span, R., Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids, J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 785, 2006. [https://doi.org/10.1021/je050186n]
Ortiz-Vega, D.O., Hall, K.R., Holste, J.C., Arp, V.D., Harvey, A.H., and Lemmon, E.W., Final Equation of State, to be submitted to J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2019.
Schmidt, R. and Wagner, W., A New Form of the Equation of State for Pure Substances and Its Application to Oxygen, Fluid Phase Equilib. 19, 175, 1985. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(85)87016-3]
Setzmann, U. and Wagner, W., A New Equation of State and Tables of Thermodynamic Properties for Methane Covering the Range from the Melting Line to 625 K at Pressures up to 1000 MPa, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 20, 1061, 1991. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555898]
Span, R., Lemmon, E.W., Jacobsen, R.T, Wagner, W., and Yokozeki, A., A Reference Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen for Temperatures from 63.151 to 1000 K and Pressures to 2200 MPa, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 1361, 2000. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1349047]
Tegeler, Ch., Span, R., and Wagner, W., A New Equation of State for Argon Covering the Fluid Region for Temperatures from the Melting Line to 700 K at Pressures up to 1000 MPa, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 779, 1999. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556037]
Thol, M., Beckmüller, R., Weiss, R., Harvey, A.H., Lemmon, E.W., Jacobsen, R.T, and Span, R., Thermodynamic Properties for Neon for Temperatures from the Triple Point to 700 K at Pressures to 700 MPa, to be submitted to J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2019.

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TABLE 1. Properties of Cryogenic Fluids at Their Triple Point

Name	Mol. form.	M	T_tp/K	P_tp/kPa	ρ_tp(l)/kg m^–3	∆_fusH/kJ kg^–1
Air	Air	28.9655	59.75	5.265	957.8
Nitrogen	N₂	28.01348	63.151	12.52	867.2	25.3
Oxygen	O₂	31.9988	54.361	0.1463	1306	13.7
Hydrogen	para-H₂	2.01588	13.8033	7.041	76.98	59.5
Helium	He	4.002602	2.1768	5.039	146.0
Neon	Ne	20.179	24.5561	43.36	1250	16.8
Argon	Ar	39.948	83.8058	68.89	1417	28.0
Krypton	Kr	83.798	115.775	73.53	2447	16.3
Xenon	Xe	131.293	161.405	81.77	2966	13.8
Methane	CH₄	16.0428	90.6941	11.70	451.5	58.41

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TABLE 2. Properties of Cryogenic Fluids at Their Normal Boiling Point (101.325 kPa, 760 mmHg)

Name	Mol. form.	T_bp /K	∆_vapH/kJ kg^–1	ρ_liq/kg m^–3	ρ_vap/kg m^–3	C_p,_liq/kJ kg^–1 K^–1	C_p,_vap/kJ kg^–1 K^–1	u_liq/m s^–1	u_vap/m s^–1
Air	Air	78.903	204.8	875.2	4.497	1.933	1.090	865.5	177.1
Nitrogen	N₂	77.355	199.2	806.1	4.612	2.041	1.124	851.4	174.8
Oxygen	O₂	90.188	213.1	1141	4.467	1.699	0.9707	904.3	177.5
Hydrogen	para-H₂	20.271	446.1	70.83	1.339	9.729	12.03	1111	355.0
Helium	He	4.2238	20.56	124.7	16.90		9.556		100.6
Neon	Ne	27.100	85.79	1206	9.582	1.893	1.154	595.4	132.9
Argon	Ar	87.302	161.1	1395	5.773	1.117	0.5658	838.3	170.9
Krypton	Kr	119.730	107.1	2417	8.815	0.5198	0.2748	682.6	137.9
Xenon	Xe	165.050	95.59	2942	10.01	0.3393	0.1751	643.1	129.4
Methane	CH₄	111.667	510.8	422.4	1.816	3.481	2.218	1338	271.5

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TABLE 3. Properties of Cryogenic Fluids at Their Critical Point

Name	Mol. form.	T_c/K	P_c/Mpa	ρ_c/kg m^–3
Air	Air	132.5306	3.7860	342.6
Nitrogen	N₂	126.192	3.3958	313.3
Oxygen	O₂	154.581	5.0430	436.1
Hydrogen	para-H₂	32.938	1.2858	31.32
Helium	He	5.1953	0.22832	69.58
Neon	Ne	44.400	2.6616	486.3
Argon	Ar	150.687	4.8630	535.6
Krypton	Kr	209.480	5.5250	909.2
Xenon	Xe	289.733	5.8420	1103
Methane	CH₄	190.564	4.5992	162.7

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PROPERTIES OF CRYOGENIC FLUIDS

TABLE 1. Properties of Cryogenic Fluids at Their Triple Point

TABLE 2. Properties of Cryogenic Fluids at Their Normal Boiling Point (101.325 kPa, 760 mmHg)

TABLE 3. Properties of Cryogenic Fluids at Their Critical Point

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