Section: 6 | Viscosity of Liquid Metals |

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VISCOSITY OF LIQUID METALS

These tables give the viscosity of several liquid metals as a function of temperature. Experimental data from some of the references was smoothed to produce the table. Tables 1a and 1b contain values for the alkali metals from 50 °C to 1000 °C (Table 1a) and 1050 °C to 2000 °C (Table 1b). Tables 2 to 5 contain values for various liquid metals at the indicated temperature ranges. The column definitions are as follows.

Column heading	Definition
Name	Name of liquid metal
η(50), η(100), etc.	Viscosity, in millipascal second (mPa s), at temperature in °C as indicated with parentheses

References

Shpil’rain, E. E., Yakimovich, K. A., Fomin, V. A., Skovorodjko, S. N., and Mozgovoi, A. G., in Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of the Alkali Metals, Ohse, R. H., Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 1985. [Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs]
Culpin, M. F., Proc. Phys. Soc. 70, 1079, 1957. [Ca] [https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1301/70/11/308]
Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/5a, Transport Phenomena I (Viscosity and Diffusion), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. [Au, Mg]
Assael, M. J., Kakosimos, K., Banish, R. M., Brillo, J., Egry, I., Brooks, R., Quested, P. N., Mills, K. C., Nagashima, A., Sato, Y., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 285, 2006. [Al, Fe] [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2149380]
Assael, M. J., Kalyva, A. E., Antoniadis, K. D., Banish, R. M., Egry, I., Wu, J., Kaschnitz, E., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 39, 033105-1, 2010. [Cu, Sn] [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3467496]
Assael, M. J., Kalyva, A. E., Antoniadis, K. D., Banish, R. M., Egry, I., Wu, J., Kaschnitz, E., and Wakeham, W. A., High Temp.-High Press. 41, 161, 2012. [Sb, Bi, Pb, Ni, Ag]
Assael, M. J., Armyra, I. J., Brillo, J., Stankus, S. V., Wu, J., and Wakeham, W. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 41, 033101-1, 2010. [Cd, Co, Ga, In, Hg, Si, Tl, Zn] [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4729873]

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TABLE 1a. Viscosity (in mPa s) of Liquid Alkali Metals from 50 °C to 1000 °C

Name	η(50)	η(100)	η(150)	η(200)	η(250)	η(300)	η(350)	η(400)	η(450)	η(500)	η(550)	η(600)	η(650)	η(700)	η(750)	η(800)	η(850)	η(900)	η(950)	η(1000)
Lithium				0.566	0.503	0.453	0.412	0.379	0.352	0.328	0.308	0.290	0.275	0.261	0.249	0.238	0.228	0.219	0.211	0.204
Sodium		0.687	0.542	0.451	0.387	0.341	0.306	0.278	0.255	0.237	0.221	0.208	0.196	0.186	0.177	0.170	0.163	0.156	0.151	0.146
Potassium		0.441	0.358	0.303	0.263	0.234	0.211	0.193	0.178	0.166	0.155	0.146	0.138	0.132	0.126	0.120	0.115	0.111	0.107	0.104
Rubidium	0.542	0.435	0.365	0.316	0.280	0.252	0.230	0.212	0.197	0.185	0.174	0.165	0.157	0.150	0.143	0.138	0.133	0.128	0.124	0.120
Cesium	0.598	0.469	0.389	0.334	0.294	0.264	0.240	0.221	0.206	0.192	0.181	0.171	0.163	0.156	0.149	0.143	0.138	0.134	0.129	0.125

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TABLE 1b. Viscosity (in mPa s) of Liquid Alkali Metals from 1050 °C to 2000 °C

Name	η(1050)	η(1100)	η(1150)	η(1200)	η(1250)	η(1300)	η(1350)	η(1400)	η(1450)	η(1500)	η(1550)	η(1600)	η(1650)	η(1700)	η(1750)	η(1800)	η(1850)	η(1900)	η(1950)	η(2000)
Lithium	0.197	0.191	0.185	0.180	0.175	0.170	0.166	0.162	0.158	0.155	0.151	0.148	0.145	0.142	0.139	0.137	0.135	0.132	0.130	0.128
Sodium	0.141	0.137	0.133	0.129	0.126	0.123	0.120	0.117	0.115	0.113	0.110	0.108	0.106	0.105	0.103	0.101	0.100	0.098	0.097	0.096
Potassium	0.101	0.098	0.095	0.092	0.090	0.088	0.086	0.084	0.082	0.081	0.079	0.078	0.076	0.075	0.074
Rubidium	0.117	0.114	0.111	0.108	0.105	0.103	0.101	0.099	0.097	0.095	0.093	0.092	0.090
Cesium	0.122	0.119	0.116	0.113	0.110	0.108	0.106	0.104	0.102	0.100	0.098	0.097	0.095	0.094	0.092	0.091	0.090	0.089	0.088	0.086

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TABLE 2. Viscosity (in mPa s) of Liquid Gallium, Indium, Tin, and Mercury from 250 °C to 1000 °C

Name	η(250)	η(300)	η(350)	η(400)	η(450)	η(500)	η(550)	η(600)	η(650)	η(700)	η(750)	η(800)	η(850)	η(900)	η(950)	η(1000)
Gallium			1.369	1.158	1.016	0.915	0.840	0.783	0.737	0.700	0.669	0.643
Indium					1.748	1.521	1.357	1.234	1.139	1.063	1.001	0.951	0.908	0.871	0.840	0.813
Tin	1.77	1.55	1.39	1.27	1.17	1.09	1.02	0.97	0.92	0.88	0.85	0.82	0.79	0.77	0.75	0.73
Mercury	1.875	1.531	1.324	1.187	1.091	1.020	0.965	0.921

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TABLE 3. Viscosity (in mPa s) of Liquid Magnesium, Calcium, Aluminum, Zinc, Bismuth, Lead, Thalium, and Cadmium from 550 °C to 1400 °C

Name	η(550)	η(600)	η(650)	η(700)	η(750)	η(800)	η(850)	η(900)	η(950)	η(1000)	η(1050)	η(1100)	η(1150)	η(1200)	η(1250)	η(1300)	η(1350)	η(1400)
Magnesium				1.10	0.96	0.84	0.74	0.67
Calcium							1.107	0.959
Aluminum				1.24	1.13	1.04	0.96	0.90	0.84
Zinc				3.737	3.254	2.883	2.591	2.356	2.164	2.005	1.871	1.756
Bismuth	1.74	1.55	1.41	1.30	1.21	1.14	1.08	1.03	0.98	0.95
Lead			2.30	2.07	1.88	1.73	1.61	1.51	1.43	1.36	1.29	1.24	1.19	1.19	1.11	1.08	1.05	1.02
Thallium		2.434	2.155	1.941	1.773	1.638
Cadmium		2.708	2.326	2.043	1.825	1.654	1.516	1.403

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TABLE 4. Viscosity (in mPa s) of Liquid Antimony, Copper, Gold and Silver from 900 °C to 1700 °C

Name	η(900)	η(950)	η(1000)	η(1050)	η(1100)	η(1150)	η(1200)	η(1250)	η(1300)	η(1350)	η(1400)	η(1450)	η(1500)	η(1550)	η(1600)	η(1650)	η(1700)
Antimony	1.43	1.30	1.19	1.10	1.03	0.96	0.91	0.86	0.81
Copper					3.92	3.61	3.34	3.11	2.91	2.73	2.58	2.44	2.31	2.20	2.10	2.01	1.92
Gold					5.130	4.874	4.640	4.429	4.240
Silver								4.05	3.75	3.49	3.27	3.08	2.91

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TABLE 5. Viscosity (in mPa s) of Liquid Cobalt, Iron, Nickel, and Silicon from 1600 °C to 2250 °C

Name	η(1600)	η(1650)	η(1700)	η(1750)	η(1800)	η(1850)	η(1900)	η(1950)	η(2000)	η(2050)	η(2100)	η(2150)	η(2200)	η(2250)
Cobalt					4.543	4.123	3.761	3.446	3.172	2.932	2.719
Iron	5.22	4.79	4.41	4.08	3.79	3.54	3.31	3.10	2.92	2.75	2.60	2.46	2.34	2.22
Nickel				5.01	4.64	4.31	4.02	3.77	3.54	3.34	3.15
Silicon			0.605	0.571	0.541	0.514	0.490

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VISCOSITY OF LIQUID METALS

References

TABLE 1a. Viscosity (in mPa s) of Liquid Alkali Metals from 50 °C to 1000 °C

TABLE 1b. Viscosity (in mPa s) of Liquid Alkali Metals from 1050 °C to 2000 °C

TABLE 2. Viscosity (in mPa s) of Liquid Gallium, Indium, Tin, and Mercury from 250 °C to 1000 °C

TABLE 3. Viscosity (in mPa s) of Liquid Magnesium, Calcium, Aluminum, Zinc, Bismuth, Lead, Thalium, and Cadmium from 550 °C to 1400 °C

TABLE 4. Viscosity (in mPa s) of Liquid Antimony, Copper, Gold and Silver from 900 °C to 1700 °C

TABLE 5. Viscosity (in mPa s) of Liquid Cobalt, Iron, Nickel, and Silicon from 1600 °C to 2250 °C

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