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Section: 8 | Indicators for Acids and Bases |
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John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
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INDICATORS FOR ACIDS AND BASES

Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos

The following table lists the most common indicators together with their pH range and colors in acidic and basic media. Because the color change is not instantaneous at the pKa value, a pH range is given where a combination of colors is present. This pH range, which varies between indicators, generally falls between the pKa with a spread or uncertainty of 1 pH unit. All solutions are either aqueous or ethanol/aqueous (% ethanol, vol/vol) (Refs. 1–4). Reference 4 provides additional solution properties that are related to buffer and solvent properties, and Ref. 5 lists the exact quantities needed for the indicator solutions. Column definitions for the table are as follows.

Column heading Definition
Name Name of acid-base indicator; names are listed alphabetically
Synonym Common synonym of indicator
pH Range Range of pHs at which indicators turn color (see discussion above)
Solvent Name of solvent 
Color change (acidic to basic) Change of color as solution goes from more acidic (low end of pH range) to more basic (high end of pH range)

References

  1. Lange, N. A., Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, Eighth Edition, Handbook Publishers, New York, 1952. [https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195301000-00013]
  2. Kolthoff, I. M., and V. A. Stenger (translated in English by N. H. Furman), Volumetric Analysis, Second Edition, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1942.
  3. Sabnis, R.W., Handbook of Acid-Base Indicators, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2008. [https://doi.org/10.1201/9780849382192]
  4. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis – Data-Driven Methods and Interpretation, Fourth Edition, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2021. [https://doi.org/10.1201/b22281]
  5. <http://www.csudh.edu/oliver/chemdata/ind-prep.htm>, accessed June 2011.
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Indicators for Acids and Bases Listed in Order of pH Range



NameSynonymMol. form.CAS Reg. No.pH RangeSolventColor change (acidic to basic)
Continued on next page...
Crystal VioletGentian VioletC25H30ClN3548-62-90.0-2.0Aqueousyellow to blue-violet
Pentamethoxy Red2,4,2',4',2"-PentamethoxytriphenylcarbinolC24H26O61755-51-71.2-2.370% ethanolred-violet to colorless
Thymol BlueC27H30O5S76-61-91.2-2.8Aqueousred to yellow
4'-Anilinoazobenzene-4-sulfonic acid, sodium saltTropaeolin OOC18H14N3NaO3S554-73-41.3-3.2Aqueousred to yellow
2,4-DinitrophenolC6H4N2O551-28-52.4-4.050% ethanolcolorless to yellow
4-(Dimethylamino)azobenzeneMethyl YellowC14H15N360-11-72.9-4.090% ethanolred to yellow
Methyl OrangeSodium p-dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonateC14H14N3NaO3S547-58-03.1-4.4Aqueousred to orange
Bromophenol BlueBromphenol BlueC19H10Br4O5S115-39-93.0-4.6Aqueousyellow to blue-violet
Tetrabromophenol BlueC19H6Br8O5S4430-25-53.0-4.6Aqueousyellow to blue
Congo RedC32H22N6Na2O6S2573-58-03.0-5.0Aqueousblue-violet to red
4-(Phenylazo)-1-naphthalenamineα-Naphthyl RedC16H13N3131-22-63.7-5.070% ethanolred to yellow
Alizarin Red SSodium alizarinesulfonateC14H7NaO7S130-22-33.7-5.2Aqueousyellow to violet
Etoxazenep-EthoxychrysoidineC14H16N4O94-10-03.5-5.5Aqueousred to yellow
Bromocresol Green3,3',5,5'-Tetrabromo-m-cresolsulfonephthaleinC21H14Br4O5S76-60-84.0-5.6Aqueousyellow to blue
Methyl RedBenzoic acid, 2-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]-C15H15N3O2493-52-74.4-6.2Aqueousred to yellow
Bromocresol PurpleBromcresol PurpleC21H16Br2O5S115-40-25.2-6.8Aqueousyellow to purple
4-NitrophenolC6H5NO3100-02-75.0-7.0Aqueouscolorless to yellow
Chlorophenol RedC19H12Cl2O5S4430-20-05.4-6.8Aqueousyellow to red
Azolitmin1395-18-25.0-8.0Aqueousred to blue


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