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Section: 8 | Detectors for Liquid Chromatography |
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John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds," in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

DETECTORS FOR LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos

The following table provides some comparative data for interpretation of results from the more common detectors applied to high-performance liquid chromatography (Refs. 1-6).  In general, the operational parameters provided are for optimized systems and represent the maximum obtainable in terms of sensitivity and linearity.  In this table, the molar extinction coefficient is represented by ε. Column definitions for the table are as follows.

Column heading Definition
Detector Type of detector
Sensitivity Detector sensitivity, in terms of minimum mass detectable, in g
Linearity Response linearity with respect to changes of concentration
Selectivity Types of compounds for which the detector is most suitable
Comments Additional information on the applicability and operation of the detector

References

  1. Schwartz, M., Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 33, 1130–1150, 2010. [https://doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2010.484356]
  2. Dong, M.W., Modern HPLC for Practicing Scientists, Wiley Interscience, Hoboken, NJ, 2006. [https://doi.org/10.1002/0471973106]
  3. Ahuja, S., Trace and Ultratrace Analysis by HPLC, Chemical Analysis Series, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991.
  4. Snyder, L. R., Kirkland, J. J., and Glajch, J., Practical HPLC Method Development, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997. [https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118592014]
  5. Bruno, T. J., Sep. Purif. Meth. 29, 63, 2000. [https://doi.org/10.1081/SPM-100100003]
  6. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis – Data-Driven Methods and Interpretation, Fourth Edition, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2021. [https://doi.org/10.1201/b22281]
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Detector Properties for Liquid Chromatography



DetectorSensitivityLinearitySelectivityComments
Ultraviolet spectrophotometer1 × 10-9 g (for compounds of ε = 10 000 to 20 000)1 × 104For UV-active functionalities on the basis of absorptivityRelatively insensitive to flow and temperature fluctuations; non-destructive; useful with gradient elution; use mercury lamp for 254 nm and quartz-iodine lamp for 350 nm to 700 nm; often a diode-array instrument is used to obtain entire UV-vis spectrum; solvents must be transparent in the UV region of interest
Refractive index detector (RID)1 × 10-7 g1 × 104Universal, dependent on refractive-index difference with mobile phaseRelatively insensitive to flow fluctuations, but sensitive to temperature fluctuations; non-destructive; cannot be used with gradient elution; solvents must be degassed to avoid bubble formations; laser-based RI detectors offer higher sensitivity
Fluorometric detector1 × 10-11 g1 × 105For fluorescent species with conjugated bonding and/or aromaticityRelatively insensitive to temperature and flow fluctuations; non-destructive; can be used with gradient elution; often chemical derivatization is done on analytes to form fluorescent species; uses deuterium lamp for 190 nm to 400 nm, tungsten lamp for 350 nm to 600 nm, and the xenon flash lamp for 185 nm to 2000 nm
Amperometric detector1 × 10-9 g1 × 104Responds to –OH functionalitiesUsed for aliphatic and aromatic –OH compounds, amines, and indoles; pulsed potential units are most sensitive, can be used with gradient elution and organic mobile phases; senses compounds in oxidative or reductive modes; mobile phases must be highly pure and purged of O2
Conductivity detector1 × 10-9 g2 × 104Specific to ionizable compoundsMost common detector for ion chromatography; requires suppression of solvent conductivity; uses post-column derivatization to produce ionic species; especially useful for certain halogen, sulfur, and nitrogen compounds
Radioactivity detector1 × 10-11 g103 – 104Highly selective to radiolabeled compoundsBased on liquid scintillation counting, either from an added post-column scintillator compound (homogeneous) or a bed of solid state scintillator (heterogeneous); relatively large volume flow cells can cause peak broadening
Light-scattering detector1 × 10-9 g103Universal toward most nonvolatile solutesOften called evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD); universal response with higher sensitivity than the RI detector, response independent of solvent; requires use of volatile buffers to promote nebulization
Mass spectrometersInterface dependentInterface dependentUniversal, within limits imposed by interfaceComplex, expensive devices highly dependent on an efficient interface; electrospray and thermospray interfaces are most common; linear response is difficult to achieve


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