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TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES

Norman E. Holden

This table presents an evaluated set of values for the experimental quantities that characterize the decay of radioactive nuclides. A list of the major references used in this evaluation is given below. When uncertainties are not listed, they are assumed to be five or less in the last digit quoted. If the uncertainty in the value exceeds five in the last digit, the value is preceded by an approximate sign.

For quasi-stable nuclides, the measured width, Γ, of the resonance is given. To estimate the approximate half-life, the Heisenberg relationship may be used: the half-life = 4.56 × 10^-22 seconds / Γ (MeV). The effective literature cutoff date for data in this edition of the table is October 2019.

This table in the Print Edition of the CRC Handbook is condensed from this full table.. The print table includes all stable isotopes and the radioactive isotopes with lifetimes of a few hours or longer, as well as selected shorter-lived isotopes of the transuranium elements.

Column definitions for the table are as follows.

Column heading	Definition
Elem. or Isot.	For elements, the atomic number and chemical symbol are listed; for nuclides, the mass number and chemical symbol are listed; isomers are indicated by the addition of m, m1, or m2
Natural abundance	Abundance of an isotope in normal terrestrial samples of an element, in atom percent
Atomic mass or weight	Atomic mass relative to 12C = 12 (exact); atomic weight of elements is given on the same scale
Half-life/Resonance width	Half-life in decimal notation. µs = microseconds; ms = milliseconds; s = seconds; m = minutes; h = hours; d = days; and a = years; for quasi-stable nuclides Resonance width is the measured width at half-maximum of the energy resonance, in MeV
Decay mode, Abs. intens., Energy	Decay modes are α = alpha particle emission; β = negative beta emission; β+ = positron emission; ec = orbital electron capture; IT = isomeric transition from upper to lower isomeric state; n = neutron emission; p = proton emission; sf = spontaneous fission; ββ, ECEC, 2p, 2n, 3n = double beta, double EC, two-proton and multiple-neutron decay Absolute intensity, in %, when reported Total disintegration energy in MeV units
Particle energy/ Intensity	End point energies of beta transitions and discrete energies of alpha particles, neutrons, and protons, in MeV Intensities, in percent
Spin	Nuclear spin or angular momentum of the nuclides, in units of h/2π; parity is positive or negative
Nuclear magnetic mom.	Magnetic dipole moments, in units of nuclear magneton; an absolute value is indicated in the absence of a positive or a negative sign
Elect. quadr. mom.	Electric quadrupole moments, in barn (10-24 cm2); an absolute value is indicated in the absence of a positive or a negative sign
γ-Energy/Intensity	Gamma ray energies, in MeV Intensities, in percent Annihilation radiation (ann.rad.) refers to the 511.006 keV photons emitted in the annihilation of positrons in matter

General Nuclear Data References

The following references represent the major sources of the nuclear data presented, along with subsequent published journal articles and reports:

G. Audi, F.G. Kondev, M. Wang, B. Pfeiffer, X. Sun, J. Blachot, M. MacCormick, The NUBASE2012 Evaluation of Nuclear Properties, Chinese Physics C – High Energy and Nuclear Physics 36, 1157 (2012). [https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/001]
M. Wang, G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, F.G. Kondev, M. MacCormick, X. Xu, B. Pfeiffer, The AME2012 Atomic Mass Evaluation (II., Tables, graphs and references), Chinese Physics C – High Energy and Nuclear Physics 36, 1603 (2012). [https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/003]
J. Meija, T. B. Coplen, M. Berglund, W. A. Brand, P. De Bievre, M. Gröning, N. E. Holden, J. Irrgeher, R. D. Loss, T. Walczyk, T. Prohaska, Atomic Weights of the Elements - 2013, Pure & Applied Chemistry 88, 265 (2016). [https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0305]
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Standard Atomic Weight of Ytterbium Revised (press release, 24 August 2015) https://iupac.org/standard-atomic-weight-of-ytterbium-revised/ (accessed Dec 2016).
J. Meija, T. B. Coplen, M. Berglund, W. A. Brand, P. De Bievre, M. Gröning, N. E. Holden, J. Irrgeher, R. D. Loss, T. Walczyk, T. Prohaska, Isotopic Composition of the Elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure & Applied Chemistry 88, 293 (2016). [https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503]
E.M. Baum, H.D. Knox, T.R. Miller, Chart of the Nuclides, 17th Edition, Knolls Atomic Power Lab (2009).
N.E. Holden, Total and Spontaneous Fission Half-Lives for Uranium, Plutonium, Americium and Curium Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 61, 1483 (1989). [https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198961081483]
N.E. Holden, Half-lives of Selected Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 62, 941 (1990). [https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199062050941]
E. Brown, R. Firestone, Radioactivity Handbook, Wiley Interscience Press (1986).
J.K. Tuli, Nuclear Wallet Cards, Brookhaven National Laboratory (October 2011).
N.E. Holden, D.C. Hoffman,Spontaneous Fission Half-Lives for Ground State Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 72, 1525 (2000). [https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200072081525]
N.J. Stone, Table of Nuclear Magnetic Dipole and Electrical Quadrupole Moments, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 90, 75 (2005). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adt.2005.04.001]
N. J. Stone, Table of Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Moments, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables, 111-112, 1 (2016). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adt.2015.12.002]
I. M. Villa, P. De Biѐvre, N. E. Holden, P. R. Renne, Recommendation on the half-life of ⁸⁷Rb, Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 164, 382 (2015). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.05.025]
I. M. Villa, M. L. Bonardi, P. De Biѐvre, N. E. Holden, P. R Renne, IUPAC-IUGS status report on the half-lives of ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U and ²³⁴U, Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 172, 387 (2016). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.10.011]
A. K. Jain, B. Maheshwari, S. Garg, M. Patial, B. Singh, Atlas of Nuclear Isomers, Nuclear Data Sheets 128, 1 (2015). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nds.2015.08.001]

This research was carried out under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. The author is at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, and can be contacted at [email protected].

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Table of the Isotopes

Element	Elem. or Isot.	Natural abundance/Atom %	Atomic mass or weight	Half-life/Resonance width/MeV	Decay mode, Abs. intens., Energy/mode, %, MeV	Particle energy/Intensity/MeV, %	Spin/h/2π	Nuclear magnetic mom./nm	Elect. quadr. mom./b	γ-Energy/Intensity/MeV, %
Continued on next page...
Neutron	_on		1.008664916	610.5 s	β- /0.78235	0.782/100.	1/2+	-1.913043
Neutron	_on				β-, γ	/ 0.0031
Hydrogen	₁H		1.00784-1.00811
Hydrogen	¹H	99.972 - 99.999	1.007825032	>2.8 ×10²³ a			1/2+	+2.7928473
Hydrogen	²H	0.001-0.028	2.014101778				1+	+0.8574382	+2.86 mb
Hydrogen	³H		3.016049282	12.31 a	β-/0.01859	0.01860/100.	1/2+	+2.9789624
Hydrogen	⁴H		4.026	Γ = 1.2	n/	/100	2-
Hydrogen	⁵H		5.035	Γ < 0.5	n/	/100	(1/2+)
Hydrogen	⁶H		6.045	Γ ~ 6.	n/		(2-)
Hydrogen	⁷H		7.05	Γ ~ 0.1
Helium	₂He		4.002602(2)
Helium	³He	0.0002(2)	3.016029323				1/2+	-2.127750
Helium	⁴He	99.9998(2)	4.0026032541				0+
Helium	⁵He		5.0121	Γ = 0.60(2)	n, α		3/2-
Helium	⁶He		6.0188859	0.8069 s	β-/3.508	3.510/100.	0+
Helium	⁶He				β, d	0.35/0.00017
Helium	⁷He		7.02799	Γ ~ 0.19	n		(3/2)-
Helium	⁸He		8.033934	0.119 s	β-/10.65	/84.	0+			0.9807/84.
Helium	⁸He				β^- n/	/16.				0.4776/5.

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