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Section: 12 | Electron Work Function of the Elements |
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The recommended form of citation is:
John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds," in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

ELECTRON WORK FUNCTION OF THE ELEMENTS

The electron work function Φ is a measure of the minimum energy required to extract an electron from the surface of a solid. It is defined more precisely as the energy difference between the state in which an electron has been removed to a distance from the surface of a single crystal face that is large enough that the image force is negligible but small compared to the distance to any other face (typically about 10-4 cm) and the state in which the electron is in the bulk solid. In general, Φ differs for each face of a monocrystalline sample.

Because Φ is dependent on the cleanliness of the surface, measurements reported in the literature often cover a considerable range (Refs. 1-4). This table contains selected values for the electron work function of the elements which may be regarded as typical values for a reasonably clean surface. The table contains recommended values from a recent review that includes estimated uncertainties (see Ref. 1 for more details). Those values, marked R in the table, come from analysis of results from different measurement methods. The method of measurement is indicated for each value. The following abbreviations appear.

Column definitions for the table are as follows.

Column heading Definition
Mol. form. Element symbol
Plane Crystallographic plane; phase is indicated within square brackets, when applicable
Φ Electron work function, in eV
Uncert. Uncertainty, in eV, when available; values in parentheses are approximate
Method Measurement method or source; see list above

References

  1. Derry, G. N., Kern, M. E., and Worth, E. H., Recommended Value of Clean Metal Surface Work Functions, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A33, 060801, 2015. <doi.org/10.1116/1.4934685>.
  2. Hölzl, J., and Schulte, F. K., Work Functions of Metals, in Solid Surface Physics, Höhler, G., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979. [https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0048919]
  3. Riviere, J. C., Work Function: Measurements and Results, in Solid State Surface Science, Vol. 1, Green, M., Ed., Decker, New York, 1969.
  4. Michaelson, H. B., J. Appl. Phys., 48, 4729, 1977. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.323539]
Go to interactive table
Mobile-friendly table

Electron Work Functions of Crystalline Elements



Mol. form.PlaneΦ/eVUncert./eVMethod
Continued on next page...
Ag1004.360.05R
1104.100.15R
1114.530.07R
Al1004.310.18R
1104.230.13R
1114.320.06R
Aspolycr(3.75)PE
Au1005.220.31R
1105.160.22R
1115.330.06R
Bpolycr(4.45)TH
Bapolycr2.52TH
Bepolycr4.98PE
Bipolycr4.34PE
Cpolycr5.00CPD
Capolycr2.87PE
Cdpolycr4.08CPD
Cepolycr2.90PE
Copolycr5.00PE


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