Section: 12 | Properties of Selected Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures |

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One or more tables in this document differ to those in the book. This is due to space restrictions in the book.

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The table 'TABLE 4. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion α for Selected Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures' has 11 more rows than appear in the book.
The table 'TABLE 1. Thermal Conductivity λ in W m^-1 K^-1 for Selected Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures' has one or more different columns to those in the book version.
The table 'TABLE 2. Specific Heat at Constant Pressure c_p in J kg^-1K^-1 of Selected Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures' has one or more different columns to those in the book version.
The table 'TABLE 3. Linear Thermal Expansion (10⁵ × Fractional Change in Length Relative to 293 K) of Selected Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures' has one or more different columns to those in the book version.
The table 'TABLE 5. Young's Modulus E in GPa for Selected Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures' has one or more different columns to those in the book version.

How to Cite this Reference

PROPERTIES OF SELECTED MATERIALS AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES

Peter E. Bradley and Ray Radebaugh

The design of systems for operation at cryogenic temperatures requires the use of material properties at these low temperatures. The properties at cryogenic temperatures can be much different than the room temperature values. In addition, some properties can be strong functions of temperature. Property data at cryogenic temperatures are not easy to find. Many measurements were made at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and other laboratories about 50 years ago. Some of the results were published in reports that are now out of print, which makes the results unavailable to most researchers. To correct that problem, NIST initiated a program to critically evaluate cryogenic material properties and to fit the available data for temperatures in the range of about 4 K to 300 K. The parameters for the fit, as well as a graph of the curve, are available on the NIST cryogenics Web site <www.cryogenics.nist.gov>. The properties available include thermal conductivity, specific heat, linear thermal expansion relative to 293 K, thermal expansion coefficient, and Young’s modulus. Not all properties are available for all materials. The materials currently in the database are ones commonly used in the construction of cryogenic hardware.

Five tables are given for important properties for selected materials at cryogenic temperatures, as listed below. The Online Edition of the CRC Handbook has additional temperatures.

Table	Contents
1	Thermal Conductivity λ, in units W m^-1 K^-1
2	Specific Heat at Constant Pressure c_p, in units J kg^-1 K^-1
3	Linear Thermal Expansion (Fractional Change in Length Relative to 293 K)
4	Coefficient of Thermal Expansion α, in units of 10^-6 K^-1 or 10^-8 K^-1 as specified
5	Young's Modulus E in GPa

The tables presented here as a function of temperature are the calculated values using the equations given on the NIST cryogenics Web site. In general, the equations fit a single set of data to within about 1% to 2%, but often several sets of data are used in determining the best fit, in which case deviations can be significantly higher, as much as 5%. The NIST cryogenics Web site specifies the deviation of the fit relative to the experimental data for each property and each material. Uncertainties in the experimental data usually are in the range of 2% to 5%, and variations from sample to sample can also lead to similar uncertainties, especially in thermal conductivity. Some well-characterized materials, such as silicon, are used for standard reference materials. Thus, uncertainties in the experimental data for the thermal expansion coefficient of silicon are usually less than 0.2%, and the standard deviation of the fit to the data is less than about 0.2% over most of the temperature range. All values refer to ambient pressure, i.e., pressure in the neighborhood of 101.3 kPa.

Copper referred to here is of very high purity 99.99% (4N or better) and may be considered oxygen-free (sometimes referred to as OFHC – oxygen-free high conductivity). Values are given with respect to the RRR (Residual Resistivity Ratio) which correlates the thermal resistivity and electrical resistivity as the impurity effect and is primarily additive in resistivity. Higher RRR values indicate higher purity and lower electrical and thermal resistance leading to higher thermal conductivity. Standard high-purity copper such as grade 101 or 102 has an RRR value of approximately 100. Higher values may be obtained with considerable effort at minimizing trace impurities by special annealing techniques that can achieve an RRR of about 1000 or greater in some special instances. Specially obtained high RRR value copper is often used only when very low temperatures (<40 K) and necessarily high thermal conduction at low temperatures are required.

Ti 15-3-3-3 has a nominal composition of 15% V, 3% Cr, 3% Sn, 3% Al, balance Ti. For the specific measurements documented by Canavan and Tuttle (Ref. 29), the exact composition is 14.88% V, 3.13% Cr, 2.88% Sn, 3.01% Al, balance Ti. The composition for brass is 65% Cu, 32% Zn, 3% Pb which is free machining. The composition for BeCu is 2% Be, 0.3% Co, balance Cu.

References

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Poulaert, B., Chieliens, J. C., Vandehande, C., and Legras, R., Temperature Variation of the Thermal Conductivity of Kevlar, Polym. Commun., vol. 26, 1985 (digitized data). [Kevlar]
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Rule, D.L., Smith, D.R., and Sparks, L.L., Thermal Conductivity of a Polyimide Film between 4.2 and 300 K, with and without Alumina Particles as Filler, NISTIR 3948, 1990. [Kapton] [https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.3948]
Touloukian, Y. S, and Ho, C. Y., Eds., Thermophysical Properties of Selected Aerospace Materials, Part II: Thermophysical Properties of Seven Materials, Plenum Press, New York, 1976. [Stainless steel]
Hust, J. G., and Sparks, L. L., Thermal Conductivity of Austentic Stainless Steel, SRM 735, from 5 to 280 K, NBS Special Publication 260-35, 1972. [Stainless steel 735]
Hust, J. G., and Giarratano, P. J., Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity Standard Reference Materials: Austentic Stainless Steel, SRM 735 and 798, From 4 to 1200 K, NBS Special Publication 260-46, 1975. [Stainless steel 735]
Ventura, G. Bianchini, G., Gottardi, E., Peroni, I., and Peruzzi, A., Thermal Expansion and Thermal Conductivity of Torlon at Low Temperatures, Cryogenics 39, 481, 1999. [Torlon] [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-2275(99)00051-X]
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Ziegler, W. T., Mullins, J. C., and Hwa, S. C. P., Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity of Four Commercial Titanium Alloys from 20 to 300 K. Adv. Cryog. Eng. 8, 268, 1963. [Ti-6Al-4V] [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0528-7_33]
Canavan, E. R., and Tuttle, J. G., Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat Measurements of Candidate Structural Materials for the JWST Optical Bench, Adv. Cryog. Eng. 52, 233, 2006. [Ti 15-3-3-3] [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2192356]
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Kreitman, M. M., Ashworth, T., and Rechowicz, M., A Correlation between Thermal Conductance and Specific Heat Anomalies and the Glass Temperature of Apiezon N and T Greases, Cryogenics 12, 32, 1972. [Apiezon N Grease] [https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(72)90134-8]
Schnelle, W., Engelhardt, J., and Gemlin, E., Specific Heat Capacity of Apiezon N High Vacuum Grease and of Duran Borosilicate Glass, Cryogenics 39, 271, 1999. [Apiezon N Grease] [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-2275(99)00035-1]
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TABLE 1. Thermal Conductivity λ in W m^-1 K^-1 for Selected Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures

Material	1 K	2 K	3 K	4 K	6 K	8 K	10 K	12 K	14 K	16 K	18 K	20 K	30 K	40 K	50 K	60 K	70 K	80 K	90 K	100 K	120 K	140 K	160 K	180 K	200 K	220 K	240 K	260 K	280 K	300 K
Continued on next page...
Al 1100				54.11	83.26	113.5	141.8	170.1	199.1	228.0	256.2	282.6	371.7	389.5	369.2	338.0	308.1	283.3	264.1	249.7	231.5	222.3	218.2	216.4	215.5	214.8	213.9	213.0	212.1	211.8
Al 3003				10.81	16.77	22.81	28.94	35.15	41.35	47.49	53.51	59.37	85.21	104.7	118.7	128.6	135.6	140.6	144.4	147.4	151.9	155.5	158.9	162.2	165.5	168.6	171.5	174.1	176.2	177.8
Al 5083				3.295	4.982	6.685	8.427	10.19	11.97	13.73	15.48	17.21	25.43	32.89	39.66	45.85	51.55	56.81	61.71	66.26	74.52	81.80	88.26	94.04	99.24	104.0	108.3	112.2	115.9	119.3
Al 6061				5.347	8.268	11.23	14.20	17.15	20.05	22.91	25.70	28.43	41.10	52.23	62.05	70.76	78.55	85.56	91.91	97.70	107.9	116.5	123.9	130.4	136.0	141.0	145.3	149.1	152.4	155.3
Al 6063				34.36	51.64	69.70	86.51	103.5	121.1	139.2	157.5	175.4	246.3	276.6	277.7	265.6	250.0	235.4	223.2	213.8	201.8	196.6	195.5	196.6	198.6	200.5	201.9	202.3	201.8	200.5
Be	181.4	355.0	551.1	741.4	1082	1410	1754	2120	2502	2887	3262	3611	4685	4571	3823	2968	2243	1693	1296	1014	670.0	489.9	390.7	333.3	298.0	274.2	255.5	237.6	217.9	194.9
Be-Cu	0.3161	0.8999	1.402	1.879	2.850	3.877	4.955	6.069	7.207	8.357	9.511	10.66	16.27	21.48	26.20	30.42	34.08	37.15	39.60	41.41	43.12
Brass					3.143	4.400	5.702	7.028	8.362	9.696	11.02	12.33	18.56	24.12	29.02	33.36	37.26	40.84	44.21	47.45
Cu^a RRR=50				320.4	466.8	622.3	778.1	927.3	1064	1185	1287	1368	1444	1163	863.6	670.0	561.1	500.3	465.1	443.9	421.8	411.6	406.0	402.6	400.1	398.2	396.5	395.0	393.6	392.4
Cu^a RRR=100				642.3	931.7	1239	1540	1814	2045	2226	2352	2423	2143	1485	1005	741.2	603.6	529.3	487.0	461.5	434.8	422.1	415.0	410.3	407.0	404.2	401.9	399.9	398.0	396.3
Cu^a RRR=300					2810	3636	4320	4829	5147	5276	5234	5052	3257	1833	1130	801.8	638.5	551.0	501.0	471.1	440.6	427.6	421.2	417.5	414.6	411.8	408.8	405.5	401.8	397.9
G-10^b (norm-dir)				0.07229	0.09112	0.1023	0.1122	0.1217	0.1309	0.1398	0.1483	0.1565	0.1912	0.2176	0.2382	0.2553	0.2702	0.2837	0.2965	0.3089	0.3335	0.3586	0.3846	0.4117	0.4399	0.4692	0.4995	0.5307	0.5626	0.5951
G-10^b (warp-dir)				0.07322	0.09693	0.1179	0.1361	0.1518	0.1654	0.1775	0.1883	0.1982	0.2393	0.2740	0.3061	0.3366	0.3660	0.3942	0.4214	0.4477	0.4978	0.5450	0.5899	0.6328	0.6741	0.7141	0.7530	0.7909	0.8278	0.8636
Inconel-718				0.4624	0.8644	1.199	1.519	1.832	2.136	2.426	2.699	2.956	3.998	4.744	5.316	5.784	6.182	6.532	6.842	7.119	7.587	7.962	8.264	8.510	8.720	8.912	9.101	9.301	9.528	9.793
Invar (Fe-36Ni)				0.2419	0.4001	0.5630	0.7339	0.9114	1.094	1.279	1.465	1.652	2.570	3.437	4.247	5.005	5.717	6.386	7.016	7.611	8.702	9.671	10.524	11.270	11.915	12.464	12.925	13.303	13.604	13.835
Kevlar-49 (composite)	0.002234	0.008663	0.01853	0.03089	0.06021	0.09263	0.1261	0.1595	0.1920	0.2234	0.2533	0.2819	0.4059	0.5080	0.5976	0.6794	0.7555	0.8269	0.8943	0.9579	1.075	1.180	1.274	1.359	1.436	1.507	1.571	1.630	1.685	1.735
Kevlar-49 (fiber)	0.003775	0.01457	0.03077	0.05042	0.09448	0.1405	0.1865	0.2320	0.2770	0.3213	0.3649	0.4077	0.6122	0.8031	0.9841	1.157	1.323	1.482	1.634	1.779	2.050	2.297	2.523	2.729	2.917	3.090	3.250	3.398	3.536	3.664
Pb				2682	700.1	313.3	177.1	118.3	89.02	72.82	63.12	56.95	45.29	41.97	40.10	38.73	37.70	36.98	36.51	36.23	36.03	36.02	35.96	35.78	35.46	35.10	34.80	34.70	34.95
Mo				56.74	90.04	118.4	146.3	175.4	205.3	234.7	262.2	286.9	353.6	345.0	307.3	267.3	233.7	207.9	188.6	174.5	156.8	147.9	143.7	142.0	141.4	141.2	140.9	140.4	139.6	138.6

^aOxygen-free high conductivity (OFHC) copper
^bG-10 is a glass-epoxy composite laminate material
^cPolyethylene terephthalate
^dPolystyrene
^ePolyurethane
^fPolyvinylchloride

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The Cookies placed on your computer or device may also include ‘Third Party’ Cookies, meaning Cookies that are placed there by third parties. These Cookies may include third party advertisers who display adverts on our Website and/or social network providers who provide ‘like’ or ‘share’ capabilities (see the above section on Targeting or Advertising Cookies). They may also include third parties who provide video content which is embedded on our Website (such as YouTube). Please see the website terms and policies of these third parties for further information on their use of Cookies.

To learn about the specific First Party and Third Party Cookies used by our, please see our List of Cookies.

Managing Cookies

You always have a choice over whether or not to accept Cookies. When you first visit the Website and we notify you about our use of Cookies, you can choose not to consent to such use. If you continue to use the Website, you are consenting to our use of Cookies for the time being. However, you can choose not to continue accepting Cookies at any later time. In this section, we describe ways to manage Cookies, including how to disable them.

You can manage Cookies through the settings of your internet browser. You can choose to block or restrict Cookies from being placed on your computer or device. You can also review periodically review the Cookies that have been placed there and disable some or all of them.

You can learn more about how to manage Cookies on the following websites: www.allaboutcookies.org and www.youronlinechoices.com.

Please be aware that if you choose not to accept certain Cookies, it may mean we are unable to provide you with some services or features of the Website.

Changes to Cookie Policy

In order to keep up with changing legislation and best practice, we may revise this Cookie Policy at any time without notice by posting a revised version on this Website. Please check back periodically so that you are aware of any changes.

Questions or Concerns

If you have any questions or concerns about this Cookie Policy or our use of Cookies on the Website, please contact us by email to [email protected]

You can also contact the Privacy Officer for the Informa PLC group at [email protected].

PROPERTIES OF SELECTED MATERIALS AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES

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