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Section: 14 | Speed of Sound in Various Media |
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John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds," in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

SPEED OF SOUND IN VARIOUS MEDIA

The speed of sound in various solids, liquids, and gases is given in these tables. While only a single parameter v is needed for liquids and gases, sound propagation in isotropic solids is characterized by three velocity parameters. For a solid of infinite extent (or of finite extent if all dimensions are much larger than a wavelength), there are two relevant quantities.

vl: Velocity of longitudinal waves
vs: Velocity of shear waves

For a cylindrical rod with diameter much smaller than a wavelength,

vext: Velocity of extensional waves along the rod. (Torsional waves in the rod are propagated at the same speed as sheer waves in an infinite solid.)

Table 1 lists values for a variety of solid materials. All values are in meters per second and are given for normal atmospheric pressure.

Column definitions for Table 1 are as follows.

Column heading Definition
Name Name of solid material; materials are listed alphabetically by name within their class
vl Velocity of longitudinal waves, in m s-1
vs Velocity of shear waves, in m s-1
vext Velocity of extensional waves, in m s-1

References

  1. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
  2. Anderson, H.L., Ed., A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989.
  3. Mason, W. P., Physical Acoustics and the Properties of Solids, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, NJ, 1958.
  4. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/5, Molecular Acoustics, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1967.
  5. Lemmon, E.W., Huber, M.L., and McLinden, M.O.,  NIST Standard Reference Database 23:  Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version 9.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, MD, 2010.
  6. International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS), Release on the IAPWS Formulation 2008 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Seawater (2008), available from <http://www.iapws.org>.
  7. Feistel, R., A Gibbs Function for Seawater Thermodynamics for −6 to 80 °C and Salinity up to 120 g kg−1, Deep-Sea Res. I 55, 1639-1671 (2008). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.004]
  8. Millero, F.J., Feistel, R., Wright, D.G., and McDougall, T.J., The Composition of Standard Seawater and the Definition of the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale, Deep-Sea Res. I 55, 50-72 (2008). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001]
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TABLE 1. Speed of Sound in Solids at Room Temperature



Namevl/m s–1vs/m s–1vext/m s–1
Continued on next page...
Metals
Aluminum, rolled642030405000
Beryllium12890888012870
Brass (70 Cu, 30 Zn)470021103480
Constantan517726254270
Copper, annealed476023253810
Copper, rolled501022703750
Duralumin 17S632031305150
Gold, hard-drawn324012002030
Iron, cast499428094480
Iron, electrolytic595032405120
Iron, Armco596032405200
Lead, annealed21607001190
Lead, rolled19606901210
Magnesium, annealed577030504940
Molybdenum625033505400
Monel metal535027204400
Nickel604030004900
Platinum326017302800
Silver365016102680


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