Section: 14 | Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases |
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John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds," in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES

The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of a gas is a measure of the degree, relative to carbon dioxide, to which the presence of that gas in the atmosphere will contribute to a long-term increase in global temperature. The calculation of the GWP for a given gas takes into account the efficiency of the gas in absorbing solar radiation (primarily determined by the infrared spectrum of the compound) and the time the compound will remain in the atmos­phere before it is removed by natural processes. Thus, if a pulse of 1 kg of the gas is emitted to the atmosphere at the same time as a pulse of 1 kg of CO2, the GWP compares the warming effect of the gas relative to CO2 over various time horizons.

These two tables, derived from the 2021 and previous reports of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) (Refs. 1-4), give the lifetime in years and the radiative efficiency for the major compounds identified in the Kyoto Protocol as contributing to global climate change. Column definitions for the tables are as follows.

Column heading Definition
Name Compound chemical name or industrial designation of a greenhouse gas or normal air constituent
Mol. form. Molecular formula
Lifetime Lifetime of the compound, in years
Radiative efficiency A measure of the radiative forcing that influences the energy balance in the Earth–atmos­phere system; in units of watts per square meter for a concentration of one part per billion (W m-2 ppb-1) (see Refs. 1-4); only in Table 1
GWP [20-yr est.] (year) Global Warming Potential for a 20-year horizon; as estimated by the IPCC in the year specified within parentheses (Refs. 1-4)
GWP [100-yr est.] (year) Global Warming Potential for a 100-year horizon; as estimated by the IPCC in the year specified within parentheses (Refs. 1-4)
GWP [500-yr est.] (year) Global Warming Potential for a 500-year horizon; as estimated by the IPCC in the year specified within parentheses (Refs. 1-4)

Table 1 summarizes the latest data from the 2021 IPCC report (see especially Ref. 3) for 68 important gases. Reference 3 also has similar data for many additional greenhouse gases. Table 2 provides a comparison of the 500-year estimates for 21 important greenhouse gases, most of which would have a significant impact on the global climate if their release is not controlled. Table 2 is included to show the consistency of the IPCC projections. The list of compounds includes those identified in the Montreal Protocol as contributing to ozone depletion, because these compounds also contribute to global warming. It also includes compounds used or proposed as replacements for the ozone-depleting compounds that still have global warming potential.

The calculation of a GWP involves a number of assumptions, and other measures have been proposed. See the references for detailed discussions. 

References

  1. Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts, D. W. Fahey, J. Haywood, J. Lean, D.C. Lowe, G. Myhre, J. Nganga, R. Prinn, G. Raga, M. Schulz, and R. Van Dorland, 2007: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Sin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, <http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html>.
  2. Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.-M. Bréon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt, J. Huang, D. Koch, J.-F. Lamarque, D. Lee, B. Mendoza, T. Nakajima, A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Takemura and H. Zhang, 2013: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, <https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf>.
  3. Smith, C., Z. R. J. Nicholls, K. Armour, W. Collins, P. Forster, M. Meinshausen, M. D. Palmer, M. Watanabe, 2021, The Earth’s Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity Supplementary Material, In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (eds.), <https://ipcc.ch/static/ar6/wg1>.

TABLE 1. Lifetime, Radiative Efficiency, and Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Greenhouse Gases (2021 Estimates)
(GWP Values Relative to Carbon Dioxide = 1)



NameMol. form.Lifetime/yearsRadiative efficiency/W m-2 ppb-1GWP [20-yr est.] (2021)GWP [100-yr est.] (2021)GWP [500-yr est.] (2021)
Continued on next page...
Natural Atmospheric Constituents
Carbon dioxideCO20.0000133111
MethaneCH411.80.00038881.227.97.95
Nitrous oxideN2O1090.0032273273130
Substances Controlled by the Montreal Protocol
CFC-11CCl3F520.259743055601870
CFC-12CF2Cl21020.3211400112005100
CFC-13CF3Cl6400.278124001620017500
CFC-113CFCl2CF2Cl930.301686065202830
CFC-114C2Cl2F41890.314826094306150
CFC-115CF3CF2Cl5400.246741096009880
Halon-1301CF3Br720.299832072002750
Halon-1211CF2BrCl160.349201930552
Halon-2402CF2BrCF2Br280.31240702170639
Carbon tetrachlorideCCl4320.16638102200658
Methyl bromideCH3Br0.80.0048.742.430.692
Methyl chloroformCH3CCl350.06556716146
HCFC-22CHClF211.90.21456901960560
HCFC-123CHCl2CF31.30.1632590.425.8
HCFC-124CHClFCF35.90.2072070597170
HCFC-141bCH3CCl2F9.40.1612170860246


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