Section: 15 | Metals and Alloys with Low-Melting Temperature |

How to Cite this Reference

METALS AND ALLOYS WITH LOW-MELTING TEMPERATURE

L. I. Berger

Low-melting metals and alloys are often used to join and cast parts near or below room temperature. These metals can liquify and resolidify at lower temperatures, making it easier to avoid parts being exposed to high temperatures during processing. The table has the melting points for a number of these metals and alloys, including tin-, gallium-, bismuth-, and indium-based alloys, as well as a few others. Composition information is also given. Column definitions for the table are as follows.

Column heading	Definition
Metal or alloy system	Atomic symbol(s) of metal or alloy system
Name	Name of metal or alloy system
Composition/weight %	Composition, in weight %
Composition/atomic %	Composition, in atomic %
t_mp	Melting point, in °C; table is ordered in increasing melting point
Comments	Comments about the system
Ref.	Reference

Useful expressions for correlations between the atomic and weight concentrations of alloy components are:

$f (a, A_{k}) = \frac{f (w, A_{k})}{M_{k} \sum_{i = 1}^{N} \frac{f (w, A_{i})}{M_{i}}} and f (w, A_{k}) = \frac{M_{k} \cdot f (a, A_{k})}{\sum_{i = 1}^{N} M_{i} \cdot f (a, A_{i})} (i = 1, \dots, k, \dots, N)$

where f(a, A_i) and f(w, A_i) are the atomic and weight concentrations of component A_i , respectively, and M_i is the atomic weight of this component.

References

Zintle, E. and Hauke, W., Z. Electrochem., 44, 104, 1938.
Rinck, E., Compt. Rend., 199, 1217, 1934.
Krier, C. A., Craign, R. S., and Wallace, W. E., J. Phys. Chem., 61, 522, 1957. [https://doi.org/10.1021/j150551a004]
Goria, C., Gazz. Chim. Ital., 65, 865, 1935.
Baker, H., Ed., ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM Intl., Materials Park, OH, 1992.
Sedlacek, V., Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys, Elsevier, 1986.
Villars, P., Prince, A., Okamoto, H., Eds., Handbook of Ternary Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM Intl., 1994.
Palatnik, L. S., Kosevich, V. M., and Tyrina, L. V., Phys. Metals Metallog. (USSR), 11, 75, 1961.
Neumann, T. and Alpout, O., J. Less-Common Metals, 6, 108, 1964. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(64)90115-8]
Neumann, T. and Predel, B., Z. Metallk., 50, 309, 1959. [https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1959-500601]
Roy, P., Orr, R. L., and Hultgren, R., J. Phys. Chem., 64, 1034, 1960. [https://doi.org/10.1021/j100837a017]
Dobovicek, B. and Smajic, N., Rudarsko–Met. Zbornik, 4, 353, 1962.
Massalski, T. B., Okamoto, H., Subramanian, P. R., and Kacprzak, L., Eds., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition, ASM Intl., 1990.
Dobovicek, B. and Straus, B., Rudarsko–Met. Zbornik, 3, 273, 1960.
Schurmann, E. and Gilhaus, F. J., Arch. Eisenhuettenw., 32, 867, 1961. [https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.196103281]
Rosenblatt, G. M. and Birchenall, C. E., Trans. AIME, 224, 481, 1962.
Evans, D. S. and Prince, A., in Alloy Phase Diagrams, MRS Simposia Proc., Vol. 19, North-Holland, 1983, p. 383. [https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-19-383]
Umanskiy, M. M., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 14, 846, 1940.
Homer, C. E. and Plummer, H., J. Inst. Met., 64, 169, 1939.

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Melting Temperature for Pure Metals and Alloys

Metal or alloy system	Name	Composition/weight %	Composition/atomic %	t_mp/°C	Comments	Ref.
Continued on next page...
Hg	Mercury	100	100	-38.829
Cs–K	Cesium potassium alloy (50-50)	77.0–23.0	50.0–50.0	-37.5	Eutectic (?)	1
Cs–Na	Cesium sodium alloy (75-25)	94.5–5.5	75.0–25.0	-30.0	Eutectic	2
K–Na	Potassium sodium alloy (66-34)	76.7–23.3	65.9–34.1	-12.65	Eutectic	3
Na–Rb	Sodium rubidium alloy (25-72)	8.0–92.0	24.4–75.6	-5	Eutectic	4
Ga–In–Sn	Gallium indium tin alloy (74-15-11)	62.5–21.5–16.0	73.6–15.3–11.1	11	Eutectic	5
Ga–Sn–Zn	Gallium tin zinc alloy (86-7-7)	82.0–12.0–6.0	86.0–7.3–6.7	17	Eutectic	5
Cs	Cesium	100	100	28.44
Ga	Gallium	100	100	29.7646
K–Rb	Potassium rubidium alloy (50-50)	32.0–68.0	50–50	33	Eutectic	4
Bi–Cd–In–Pb–Sn	Bismuth cadmium indium lead tin alloy (35-8-27-18-12)	44.7–5.3–19.1–22.6–8.3	35.1–8.2–27.3–17.9–11.5	46.7	Eutectic	6
Bi–In–Pb–Sn	Bismuth indium lead tin alloy (39-31-14-16)	49.5–21.3–17.6–11.6	39.2–30.7–14.0–16.2	58.2	Eutectic	6
Bi–In–Sn	Bismuth indium tin alloy (21-60-19)	32.5–51.0–16.5	21.1–60.1–18.8	60.5	Eutectic	7
K	Potassium	100	100	63.38
Bi–Cd–Pb–Sn	Bismuth cadmium lead tin alloy (42-19-21-18)	50.0–12.5–25.0–12.5	41.5–19.3–21.0–18.2	70	Wood’s alloy	6
Bi–In	Bismuth indium alloy (21-79)	33.0–67.0	21.3–78.7	72	Eutectic	8
Bi–Cd–Pb	Bismuth cadmium lead alloy (48-14-38)	51.6–8.2–40.2	48.1–14.2–37.7	91.5	Eutectic	6
Bi–Pb–Sn	Bismuth lead tin alloy (47-29-24)	52.5–32.0–15.5	46.8–28.7–24.5	95	Eutectic	6
Na	Sodium	100	100	97.8

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METALS AND ALLOYS WITH LOW-MELTING TEMPERATURE

References

Melting Temperature for Pure Metals and Alloys

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