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Section: 15 | Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale |
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John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds," in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

REFERENCE POINTS ON THE ITS-90 TEMPERATURE SCALE

The International Temperature Scale of 1990 is described in Section 1 of this CRC Handbook, where the defining fixed points are listed. The Consultative Committee on Thermometry (CCT) of the International Committee on Weights and Measures (CIPM), which oversees the temperature scale, has recommended a number of secondary reference points whose values have been accurately determined with respect to the primary fixed points. The most accurate of these, referred to as “first quality points,” satisfy several criteria involving purity of the material, reproducibility, and documentation of the measurements. The CCT also lists “second quality points” that do not yet satisfy all the criteria but are still useful. Taken together, these secondary reference points, help fill in the gaps between the primary fixed points.

The table below describes these secondary reference points, along with the primary fixed points. Column definitions for the table are as follows.

Column heading Definition
Name Name of substance
Type of transition Transition used as reference point
T Transition temperature, in K; entries are listed in order of increasing temperature
t Transition temperature, in °C
Uncert. Estimate of the uncertainty
Note Information on the quality of the reference point, see text above for discussion

Full details are given in the reference.

Reference

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Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale



NameFormulaCAS Reg. No.Type of transitionT/Kt/ºCUncert.Note
Continued on next page...
ZincZn7440-66-6Superconductive transition0.8500-272.30000.00301st Quality
AluminumAl7429-90-5Superconductive transition1.1810-271.96900.00251st Quality
HeliumHe7440-59-7Superfluid transition (4He)2.1768-270.97320.00011st Quality
IndiumIn7440-74-6Superconductive transition3.4145-269.73550.00251st Quality
LeadPb7439-92-1Superconductive transition7.1997-265.95030.00251st Quality
NiobiumNb7440-03-1Superconductive transition9.2880-263.86200.00251st Quality
HydrogenH21333-74-0Triple point (equilibrium H2)13.8033-259.3467Primary
HydrogenH21333-74-0Triple point (normal H2)13.952-259.1980.0022nd Quality
Hydrogen-d2D27782-39-0Triple point (equilibrium D2)18.689-254.4610.0011st Quality
Hydrogen-d2D27782-39-0Triple point (normal D2)18.724-254.4260.0011st Quality
HydrogenH21333-74-0Boiling point (normal H2)20.388-252.7620.0022nd Quality
OxygenO27782-44-7α-β transition23.868-249.2820.0052nd Quality
NeonNe7440-01-9Triple point (20Ne)24.541-248.6090.0011st Quality
NeonNe7440-01-9Triple point (normal Ne)24.5561-248.5939Primary
NeonNe7440-01-9Boiling point27.097-246.0530.0011st Quality
NitrogenN27727-37-9α-β transition35.614-237.5360.0062nd Quality
OxygenO27782-44-7β-γ transition43.796-229.3540.0012nd Quality
OxygenO27782-44-7Triple point54.3584-218.7916Primary
NitrogenN27727-37-9Triple point63.151-209.9990.0011st Quality


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