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Section: 16 | Flammability of Chemical Substances |
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The table 'TABLE 2. Flash Point, Flammability Limits, and Ignition Temperature of Pure Substances' has one or more different columns to those in the book version.
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John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds," in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

These tables give properties related to the flammability for chemical compounds and mixtures. Column definitions are as follows; not all columns are in each table.

Column heading Definition
Name Name of chemical substance; substances are listed alphabetically by name
Type Variant of chemical substance for which data applies
Mol. form. Molecular formula of chemical substance
tbp Normal boiling point, in °C, at 101.325 kPa pressure (“sp” indicates sublimation point)
tflp Flash point, in °C, which is the minimum temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. Flash point is not an intrinsic physical property but depends on the conditions of measurement (see Ref. 1)
Flam. limits Flammable limits (often called explosive limits), which specify the range of concentration of the vapor in air (in percent by volume) for which a flame can propagate; below the lower flammable limit, the gas mixture is too lean to burn; above the upper flammable limit, the mixture is too rich; values refer to ambient temperature and pressure and are dependent on the precise test conditions; a ? indicates that one of the limits is not known
taip Ignition temperature (sometimes called autoignition temperature), in °C, which is the minimum temperature required for self-sustained combustion in air in the absence of an external ignition source; as in the case of flash point, the value depends on specified test conditions
pvap Vapor pressure at 25 °C, in kPa

Even in cases where very careful measurements of flash point have been replicated in several laboratories, observed values can differ by 3 to 6 °C (Ref. 4). For more typical measurements, larger uncertainties should be assumed in both flash points and autoignition temperatures. The absence of a flash point entry in this table does not mean that the substance is nonflammable, but only that no reliable value is available.

Table 1 covers selected fuels and other mixtures. Table 2 gives data for pure compounds.

References

  1. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 11th Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1994.
  2. Urben, P. G., Ed., Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, Fifth Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1995.
  3. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA.
  4. Report of Investigation: Flash Point Reference Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Materials Program, Gaithersburg, MD, 1995.
  5. Alternative Fuels Data Center-Fuel Properties Comparison, <www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/fuel_comparison_chart.pdf>, October 2014.
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TABLE 1. Flammability of Common Mixtures



NameTypetflp/°Ctaip/°CFlam. limits
GasolineEthanol ≤10%-432571.4-7.6%
Diesel fuelPetroleum74≈320
Diesel fuelBio100-170≈150
Fuel oilLight69-169
Fuel oilHeavy71-121
Natural gas≈5405-15%
Kerosene38-722100.7-5%
Naphtha<-182881.1-5.9%
Ethanol96% with H2O17
Ethanol45% (90 Proof)25
Ethanol12%45


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TABLE 2. Flash Point, Flammability Limits, and Ignition Temperature of Pure Substances



NameSynonymMol. form.FormulaCAS Reg. No.Mol. Wt.tbp/ºCtflp/ºCFlam. limitstaip/ºCpvap (25 °C)/kPa
Continued on next page...
AcetaldehydeEthanalC2H4OCH3CHO75-07-044.05220.8-394.0-60%175120
AcetanilideN-PhenylacetamideC8H9NO103-84-4135.163292169530
Acetic acidEthanoic acidC2H4O2CH3COOH64-19-760.052117.9394.0-19.9%4632.07
Acetic anhydrideAcetyl acetateC4H6O3C4H6O3108-24-7102.089139.5492.7-10.3%3160.680
AcetoacetanilideC10H11NO2102-01-2177.200185
Acetone2-PropanoneC3H6O(CH3)2CO67-64-158.07956.08-202.5-12.8%46530.8
Acetone cyanohydrinC4H7NOC4H7NO75-86-585.105180742.2-12.0%688
AcetonitrileMethyl cyanideC2H3NCH3CN75-05-841.05281.663.0-16.0%52411.9
AcetophenoneMethyl phenyl ketoneC8H8OC6H5C=OCH398-86-2120.149202.1775700.049
Acetyl chlorideEthanoyl chlorideC2H3ClOCH3COCl75-36-578.49751439038.4
AcetyleneEthyneC2H2HC≡CH74-86-226.037-84.7 sp2.5-100%305
N-AcetylethanolamineC4H9NO2142-26-7103.120179460
3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dioneDehydroacetic acidC8H8O4520-45-6168.148270157
4-AcetylmorpholineC6H11NO21696-20-4129.157113
Acrolein2-PropenalC3H4OCH2=CHCHO107-02-856.06352.3-262.8-31%22036.2
Acrylic acid2-Propenoic acidC3H4O2C3H4O279-10-772.063142502.4-8.0%4380.53
AcrylonitrilePropenenitrileC3H3NCH2=CHCN107-13-153.06377.203.0-17.0%48114.1
Allyl acetate3-AcetoxypropeneC5H8O2591-87-7100.11710422374
Allyl alcohol2-Propen-1-olC3H6OC3H6O107-18-658.07996.9212.5-18.0%3783.14


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