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Section: 16 | Explosion (Shock) Hazards |
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John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds," in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022), John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

EXPLOSION (SHOCK) HAZARDS

Table 1 lists some common classes of laboratory chemicals that have the potential for producing a violent explosion when subjected to shock or friction. These chemicals should never be disposed of as such, but should be handled by procedures given in Ref. 1, especially Chapter 8. Additional information on these, as well as on some less common classes of explosives, can be found in Ref. 2.

Table 2 lists some illustrative combinations of common laboratory reagents that can produce explosions when they are brought together or that form reaction products that can explode without any apparent external initiating action. This list is not exhaustive, and additional information on potentially explosive reagent combinations can be found in Ref. 3.

References

  1. National Research Council, Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards, Updated Version, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2011. <doi.org.10.17226/12654>
  2. Bretherick, L., Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, Eighth Edition, Elsevier, 2017.
  3. Manual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions: A Compilation of Chemical Reactions Reported to Be Potentially Hazardous, NFPA 491M, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1991.
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TABLE 1. Shock-Sensitive Compounds



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Acetylenic compounds, especially polyacetylenes, haloacetylenes, and heavy metal salts of acetylenes (copper, silver, and mercury salts are particularly sensitive)
Acyl nitrates
Alkyl nitrates, particularly polyol nitrates such as nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine
Alkyl and acyl nitrites
Alkyl perchlorates
Amminemetal oxosalts: metal compounds with coordinated ammonia, hydrazine, or similar nitrogenous donors and ionic perchlorate, nitrate, permanganate, or other oxidizing group
Azides, including metal, nonmetal, and organic azides
Chlorite salts of metals, such as AgClO2 and Hg(ClO2)2
Diazo compounds such as CH2N2
Diazonium slats, when dry
Fulminates (silver fulminate, AgCNO, can form in the reaction mixture from the Tollens’ test for aldehydes if it is allowed to stand for some time; this can be prevented by adding dilute nitric acid to the test mixture as soon as the test has been completed)
Hydrogen peroxide becomes increasingly treacherous as the concentration rises above 30%, forming explosive mixtures with organic materials and decomposing violently in the presence of traces of transition metals
N–Halogen compounds such as difluoroamino compounds and halogen azides
N–Nitro compounds such as N–nitromethylamine, nitrourea, nitroguanidine, and nitric amide
Oxo salts of nitrogenous bases: perchlorates, dichromates, nitrates, iodates, chlorites, chlorates, and permanganates of ammonia, amines, hydroxylamine, guanidine, etc.
Perchlorate salts. Most metal, nonmetal, and amine perchlorates can be detonated and may undergo violent reaction in contact with combustible materials
Peroxides and hydroperoxides, organic (see Chapter 6, Section II.P)
Peroxides (solid) that crystallize from or are left from evaporation of peroxidizable solvents (see Chapter 6 and Appendix I)
Peroxides, transition–metal salts


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